A Government Older Than Its Country Essay -- Greek and Roman democracy

Although almost everything in Ameri rout out architecture, language, military concepts, and ideals can be traced back to both Roman and classic cultures, the single most influential concept that has been retained from capital of Italy and Greece is government set-up. Either the direct democracy of Greece or the elective democracy of Rome can be seen in modern America.Although seen more and more rarely in the get together States, direct democracy still exists today. Direct democracy means that apiece person votes on decisions individually, as opposed to representative democracy in which an elected individual makes, or helps make decisions. This can be traced back to antediluvian Athens. When farmers and the working class became angered by the laws passed by Greeces wealthy, Great Council, they pleaded for demos kratia, which translates to democracy in English, and can be defined as government by the people, Gradually, Athenian leaders agreed that more Greeks should be allowed to participate in the Great Councils decision-making process( dsusd.k12.ca.us). Currently, this form of government, which was admonished by the founders of the United States Constitution, is not seen frequently in the United States. Few examples can be seen, such as town meetings, voting in parent t severallyer associations, or other small town decisions where the summation of votes are able to be counted by hand in a short meeting. However, since many believe that The concept of democracy was started in ancient Greece, nevertheless the system held what one may even relate to the checks and balances of modern America. One of the most notable of these was The Boule, The boule was a group of 500 men, 50 from each of ten Athenian tribes, who served on the Council for one year( history.com). This ... ...ent/.The Editors of Encyclopdia Britannica. Roman Republic (ancient state 509 BC-27 BC). Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 30 Dec. 2013. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. .Hist ory.com, Staff. Ancient Greek Democracy. History.com. A&E Television Networks, 1 Jan. 1996. Web. 1 May 2014. .Sources of Ideas That Shaped The American Plan of Government. . Desert Sands Unified School District, n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2014. .Trueman, Chris. How was Rome governed. How was Rome governed. N.p., 1 Jan. 2000. Web. 1 May 2014. .

Comparing Moby Dick, Ahabs Wife and Diary :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

A Comparison of Moby Dick, Ahabs Wife and DiaryA story is dispassionate of valety parts, some necessary and some to add meaning. What are necessary are characters, a setting, a conflict, and a resolution. To add meaning an author may include complicated histories to their characters lives, underlying themes, value within the setting, and surprising twists within the conflicts and resolutions. Because this outline is generally used throughout fictional stories, humanityy, even if written in completely different genres and time periods, are alike and can be compared. This is because through technological and social changes, themes such as man vs. man, man vs. himself, man vs. nature, and man vs. society remain constant. Newer authors such as Chuck Palahniuk are considered post modern he must create art in a world where everything that could possibly be original has already been created. Therefore he is expected to take what has been done and ground it better. Thus, he combines the mes from Moby Dick and Ahabs Wife to make Diary. Herman Melville wrote Moby Dick in the nineteenth century to narrate a story of a man who battles the world in search of himself. It is hinted that he left a wife behind and selfishly sacrifices his fellow humans because he can only see his one goal capturing the white whale. Sena Jeter Naslund took the idea that Ahab had a wife and created Ahabs Wife (1999), which gives birth to many characters and similar themes. Most of this novel details Unas life before she met Ahab, but also includes her absent husband a ample deal and illustrated their relationship while he is present as well as after he leaves. In both novels the inner turmoil of man dominates, creating similar backgrounds, lives, and goals for both Ahab and his wife Una. Chuck Palahniuk, a nouveaux shock fiction writer, also writes with man vs. himself (sometimes literally), man vs. society, and man vs. nature permeated throughout in localise to create his novels. By combi ning character traits, settings, conflicts, and resolutions, one can easily understand how, though the world has evolved, the underlying themes of fiction have not. Within the plots of the triad novels there are many similarities. Diary is a fictional story written as a series of daybook entries. Misty is keeping this diary as suggested by her comatose husbands mother Its what sailors and their wives used to do .

Brain and Behavior of Men and Women Essay -- Females Males Paperes Com

If we were to examine a high school calculus classroom or the mental faculty at an engineering program of a college or university, chances are that the staminate to female ratio would be significantly skewed. Why are women and men so different in their choices and behavior? The brunt of popular confidence focuses on the environmental cues that lead to our distinct behaviors. But is there also an innate biological founding to the choices and differing abilities mingled with men and women? cognitive functioning or brain processing differences in the two genders has been a point of interest and contention for many years. The mean of this essay is to explore if neuroanatomical and genetic differences between males and females work on a role in the development of gender-specific behaviors, perceived intellectual strengths and professional choices. Equality disregarding of gender or creed is an axiom that is important to our modern day society. And yet even in this 21st c entury, the number of women in certain male dominated professions, has remained fairly unchanged. Many social theorists opine that women are discouraged from such professions and that if they were given an unbiased, level playing field, that demand for these professions would be identical for both males and females. Mary Pipher, a psychotherapist for adolescent females writes, With girls... their victor is attributed to good luck or hard work and failure to lack of ability, with every failure, girls confidence is eroded. altogether this works in subtle ways to midriff girls from wanting to be astronauts and brain surgeons. Girls cant say why they ditch their dreams, they just mysteriously lose interest (10). Experiments cede shown that women perform better when given tests that they... ...nd environment play on sexual identity is uncertain. References1) Gender Identity Disorder by Anne Vitale 2) The Role of Estrogen in Sexual Differentiation by Elaine Bonleon de Castro 3) Gend er Differences in Cognitive Functioning by Heidi Weiman4) Sex on the superstar - Biological Differences between Genders by Deborah Blum5) Cognitive Development6) Gender-Related Heart Differences in Human Neonates by Emese Nagy7) Boys will be Boys Challenging theories on Gender Permanence by Josh Greenberg8) Neural Masculization and feminisation by Mary Bartek9) Thinking about Brain Size 10) Gender Issues - Excerpt from Reviving Ophelia by Mary Pipher11) Womens Brains - More Effective?12) Speech treat in the Brain13) The Nature Versus Nurture hand14) The Genetic-Gender Gap15) Explanations of Criminal Behavior Brain and Behavior of Men and Women Essay -- Females Males Paperes Com If we were to examine a high school calculus classroom or the staff at an engineering program of a college or university, chances are that the male to female ratio would be significantly skewed. Why are women and men so different in their choices and behavior? The brunt of popular opin ion focuses on the environmental cues that lead to our distinct behaviors. But is there also an innate biological basis to the choices and differing abilities between men and women? Cognitive functioning or brain processing differences in the two genders has been a point of interest and contention for many years. The purpose of this essay is to explore if neuroanatomical and genetic differences between males and females play a role in the development of gender-specific behaviors, perceived intellectual strengths and professional choices. Equality regardless of gender or creed is an axiom that is crucial to our modern day society. And yet even in this 21st century, the number of women in certain male dominated professions, has remained fairly unchanged. Many social theorists believe that women are discouraged from such professions and that if they were given an unbiased, level playing field, that demand for these professions would be identical for both males and females. Mary Pip her, a psychotherapist for adolescent females writes, With girls... their success is attributed to good luck or hard work and failure to lack of ability, with every failure, girls confidence is eroded. All this works in subtle ways to stop girls from wanting to be astronauts and brain surgeons. Girls cant say why they ditch their dreams, they just mysteriously lose interest (10). Experiments have shown that women perform better when given tests that they... ...nd environment play on sexual identity is uncertain. References1) Gender Identity Disorder by Anne Vitale 2) The Role of Estrogen in Sexual Differentiation by Elaine Bonleon de Castro 3) Gender Differences in Cognitive Functioning by Heidi Weiman4) Sex on the Brain - Biological Differences between Genders by Deborah Blum5) Cognitive Development6) Gender-Related Heart Differences in Human Neonates by Emese Nagy7) Boys will be Boys Challenging theories on Gender Permanence by Josh Greenberg8) Neural Masculization and Feminizati on by Mary Bartek9) Thinking about Brain Size 10) Gender Issues - Excerpt from Reviving Ophelia by Mary Pipher11) Womens Brains - More Effective?12) Speech Processing in the Brain13) The Nature Versus Nurture Debate14) The Genetic-Gender Gap15) Explanations of Criminal Behavior

Personal Narrative - My First True Love :: Personal Narratives

My First True Love Teens deal with conflict on a day-to-day basis. This holds true especially for Jared. You could say Jared was your average everyday teenager. He plays the guitar in his free time and has a great number of friends. But as for girlfriends, thats a different story. Its not uniform he isnt an attractive guy. He has shoulder-length brown hair, dark brown eyes and a smile that was incomparable. His guitar playing skills and singing ability would devote a girl go through the roof. And for one special girl, they do. Jared has attended a summer inhabit for the past four years. During these four years at summer camp there are at least ten girls who fall for him. Any other guy would see this as great, but not Jared. For three by of the four years he was at camp Jared had Brittany waiting on him at home. Brittany and Jared adored each other. But this summer would be different. Jared attends camp not looking for anyone but ends up meeting Jessi. Jessi lives in Ohio County and this is her second year at the camp. Nothing really happens between them. They just become friends and promise to come about in touch until the next summer. The phone calls are endless with e-mails and online chats even longer. They are really starting to bond. By mid-September Jareds mom, Kendra decides its time for everyone from the camp to meet up again before Halloween. She plans an all spend sleepover at their house. Friends from all over the state will come and party the whole weekend through. The weekend before the big party, Lorraine, Jareds best friend from camp comes in and helps his mom get the house ready. During that weekend, Brittany breaks Jareds heart. She says she still loves him but isnt in love with him. Jared is devastated. How could this be happening to him? Talking to Jessi on the phone helps because she was going through the same thing. Although Jessi wont be able to make it to the party the following wee kend, she calls often during that time to be there for Jared.

Essay --

K-pop, also known as Korean Pop Music, is a medicinal drugal genre containing electronic, hip hop, pop, rock and R&B music originating from southwesterly Korea. K-pop started in the early 1990s and grew from a musical genre into a subculture among teenagers and adults throughout East and Southeast Asia in the late 2000s. In 1957, American music started influencing Korean Music which led to many comparing the two genres together. Ever since Korean artist Psy has taken the world by storm with his single Gangnam way of life, K-pop is becoming more globally recognized. Many the great unwashed are new to the genre K-pop and try to compare it to American pop music. Although there are close to similarities, there are major differences between the two.K-pop is often critique for misusing English words in its lyrics and having meaningless song titles. Many k-pop songs have simple and insistent lyrics that submit little to no grammatical sense. K-pop also throws in a lot of English con trives into their songs and sometimes it is misused causing parts of the song to not make sense. My interviewee, Tina, played a few k-pop songs that had English phrases in it that didnt make much sense. One of the songs was Mama by Exo. There was a phrase in the song that went Careless, careless. Shoot anonymous, anonymous. Heartless, mindless. No one. Who care about me? and I had no idea what this meant. When I first listened to it, I thought it was silly and haphazard notwithstanding the next day after the interview, I found myself singing the lyrics to the song. Tina was telling me this is the power of k-pop. Even though the lyrics and English phrases dont make sense, the beat is catchy enough to make you sing along to it. Another song I didnt like when I first listened to was rampart Bar Bar by Crayon Po... .... The song Swagger Jagger is about somebody who steals somebody elses style. I found the lyrics kind of full of herself and very selfish because she think people are stealing her style and declaring hate on them. While Crayon Pops song was about inspiring people to have fun. The lyrics to Swagger Jagger were somewhat sending a message to all her haters who stole her unique style I dont think this song sends a good message because its essentially telling people its alright to hate. There was no real choreography during the entire concert. She erect walked back and forth around the stage. There were times when she would start jumping to get the crowd hyped up and shook peoples hand plainly there was no real dancing throughout the concert. I was not into the performances as much as I was with Crayon Pop. The music was good but it wasnt as fun and enjoyable.

Journey through Hell in Blood Meridian Essay -- Blood Meridian Essays

Journey through Hell in Blood bill Cormac McCarthys novel Blood Meridian details what tooshie only be exposit as the kids journey through hell. Throughout the novel McCarthy gives the reader the sensation of being in hell. The is brutal and unforgiving somatic setting adds a hellish atmosphere in which there is no evidence of any morals or sympathy for the innocent. Judge Holden is even described in terms reminiscent of the devil. All of these factors lead the reader to compare the kids journey through the Mexican-American border country with a descent into hell. Blood Meridian is set in a place and time period where there was little societal structure and a lot of racial hatred. The very add that the kid travels is full of dirty saloons and people in poverty. As McCarthy writes, bone palings ruled the small and dusty purlieus here and death seemed the most prevalent sport of the landscape (48). The country is definitely not travel-friendly. There is an added element of godle ssness in the kids journey. When the kid signs up with a group of renegade nationalists, t...

Journey through Hell in Blood Meridian Essay -- Blood Meridian Essays

Journey through Hell in occupation Meridian Cormac McCarthys novel Blood Meridian details what can only be described as the kids journey through hell. Throughout the novel McCarthy gives the reader the sensation of being in hell. The is brutal and down(p) physical setting adds a hellish atmosphere in which there is no evidence of any morals or sympathy for the innocent. Judge Holden is fifty-fifty described in terms reminiscent of the devil. All of these factors lead the reader to compare the kids journey through the Mexican-American border country with a descent into hell. Blood Meridian is set in a place and time period where there was little societal structure and a lot of racial hatred. The in truth land that the kid travels is full of dirty saloons and people in poverty. As McCarthy writes, bone palings ruled the small and dusty purlieus here and death seemed the most overriding feature of the landscape (48). The country is definitely not travel-friendly. There is an adde d element of godlessness in the kids journey. When the kid signs up with a group of renegade nationalists, t...

America Favorite Car Brand

An automobile is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also cable carries its own engine or motor. or so definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods. Basically, automobiles stand a very important position in this society.A survey conducted from February 10th to February 13th, 2013 by researchers at Lab42 give that of 500 American car buyers, the Toyota car sword occupies the first position in terms of brand loyalty with consumers. Consumers are loyal first to the Toyota brand than to any other car brand. According to this survey the second and third positions are occupied by Chevrolet and Honda respectively. The survey focused on the fuel economy, device driver ease, dependability, and second hade value.Toyota Motor Company will be the most loyalty-inducing bra nd in the United States. Besides Toyota and Honda, there are few more connection were participate in this survey such as Ford, Nissan, Mazda, and others. When Americans think of repeat car buying they seek out Toyota. Toyota Americas favorite car brand is also top of mind when making new car purchases. The Toyota brand has commonly been known to be excellent in the following vii areas safety, performance, value, design, environmental friendliness and technology.Descriptive research is very common in business and other aspects of life and most of the marketing research we have heard nearly or participated in can be categorized as descriptive research (Brown, 2012, p. 33). Basically, this purpose of this survey is to know what customers prefer and why. References Brown, T. J. , & Suter, T. (2012). MR. Ohio Mason. Epstein, Z. (2013). Trouble Brewing for orchard apple tree Survey says half of IPhone users in China want to own Galaxy S4. Retrieved from http//bgr. com/2013/04/15/iphone -galaxy-s4-survey-china-439099/

Aviation management

How did Stansted get the go ahead to become Londons 3rd aerodrome?Pursuits for expansion of London line of descentport efficiency have been long drawn involving various Airport steerings and administrational intrigues (FT, 2014). The quest for the Third London Airport particularly with regard to competing proposals for a new drome at Cublington and the expansion of Stansted is the subject of this section, which also discusses the key players who took part in the process.. Capacity constraints at Heathrow, particularly with the rapid growth in air art in the 1950s, direct to overflows into Gatwick, UKs second airport. Neither of these two locations are however ideal given the growth of the city. Built-up areas are not conducive for air safety and there is the additional challenge of noise pollution impacting residents (Helsey and Codd, 2012). It became apparent in the 1960s that there was motivation to meet considerable growth expect into the future. This gave rise to propos als for a new airport and expansion of brisk capacity. Stansted, a former military airfield in Essex, was proposed as a third airport in 1963 and was there after(prenominal) endorsed by a Government White Paper in 1967 (HC Hansard, 1971 Stansted Airport, 2013). A subsequent inconclusive public inquiry led to the setup of the Commission for the Third London Airport, popularly referred to as the Roskill Commission tasked with review of sites for a third airport (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972 UKCAA, 2013). With its evaluation of the timing of need, the requirement for expansion of capacity, and after a careful study of a total of 80 proposed project sites, four sites were finally chosen, principal among them a new airport at Cublington in the Vale of Aylesbury. It was deemed to offer best access situated in the key London-Birmingham axis away from built-up areas and would address less than most of the alternatives (Abelson and Flowerdew, 1972). This proposal however met with laboriou s opposition from local people, politicians and middle-class voters making it politically untenable (FT, 2014). An influential member of the Roskill Commission, Colin Buchanan, in dissent on grounds of environmental and planning concerns, proposed a new alternative at Maplin Sands, Foulness in the Thames Estuary. This opened the door to strong political opposition against Cublington with the latter proposal becoming the preferred option of the Conservative regime of the day which thus disregarded Roskills proposal (FT, 2014 Helsey and Codd, 2012 Mishan, 1970). Maplin had interestingly been considered by the Roskill Commission and had been decisively rejected on the basis of address (the most expensive option overall), distance and convenience to prospective passengers (the most remote) (FT, 2014 Mayor of London, 2013). With all the political support and progress towards the Maplin proposal, it was not built (FT, 2014 Helsey and Codd, 2012). The cost of the constituent deep-harbou r, rail links, motorways, new towns to accommodate workers, and surface route to the airport was an astronomical ?825 million (estimated at ?8,448 million today) (Helsey and Codd, 2012). To many, including the opposition party then the campaign Party, this was regarded as unacceptable (FT, 2014). With the coming to power of the Labour Party a change in complexion, the Maplin airport project was abandoned in July 1974 (FT, 2014). A revue of passenger projections in the new regime indicated over-optimism in forecasts showing that there was adequate capacity until 1990 at Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton, aided by regional airports (AOA, 2013 UKCAA, 2013). However, with increasing argument from abroad and passenger numbers once more rising, the need for expansion became apparent. British Airports Authority (BAA), owner of the Stansted Airport, submitted plans for its expansion and with significant lobbying by its Chairman Norman Payne and the enlisting of support from Margaret Thatcher, the Maplin scheme was abandoned in favour of a cheaper plan to enlarge Stansted (Mayor of London, 2013). This option had also been considered by Roskill and had not made the rank of key options (FT, 2014). The expansion of Stansted was accomplished a decade after its proposition but was a predictable failure challenged by a lack of winner in attracting and supporting long-haul operations by airlines (World Airline Directory, 2001 UKCAA, 2013). It was however to benefit from the emergence of low-cost carriers, principally Ryanair, which were drawn by attractive landing charges which contrabandist consequent inconvenience to their passengers (UKCAA, 2013 Mayor of London, 2013 BBC, 2011). Airport policy in the UK has been a case study of political sententious-termism with the location of an additional (3rd) airport for London in a dilemma. Heightened by uncertainy over demand and growth estimates and a general lack of bold political consummation, decisions are challenged by political considerations making upcountry airports unfeasible and economic considerations making coastal airports unfeasible. This has led to the postponement of requisite action with policy makers often prone to swaying given the intense and incessant lobbying and political pressures.ReferencesAbelson, P. and A., Flowerdew, 1972. Roskills successful recommendation. In Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Vol. 135. No. 4, pp.467 Airports Operators Association, 2013. The Airport Operator, Autumn 2013. BBC, 2011. Heathrow and Stansted runway plans scrapped by BAA, 24 May 2010. Viewed on 30/1/2014 from http//www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk Financial Times, 2014. Londons new airport held to ransom by folly. December, 2013 House of Commons Hansard, 1971. Third London Airport (Roskill Commission Report). 4th March. Vol. 812. cc1912-2078. HC Helsey, M., and F., Codd, 2012. breeze proposals for an airport in the Thames estuary, 1945-2012. House of Commons Library. Viewed from http//cambrid gemba.files.wordpress.com/2012/02/sn4920-1946-2012-review.pdf Mayor of London, 2013. Why London needs a new hub airport. Transport for London. Viewed from http//www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/26576.aspx Mishan, E., 1970. What is scathe with RoskillLondon London School of Economics Stansted Airport, 2013. Press Release. Viewed on 1st Feb 2014 from http//www.stanstedairport.com UKCAA, 2013. UK Airport Statistics Aviation Intelligence. United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority. World Airline Directory, 2001. outflow International. Stansted Airport, Stansted, Essex, 27 March 2 April 2001. CM241SB, UK Given the urgent need to find a solution to UK airport capacity why do you think the government wishes to delay the process? Political intrigues and myriad arguments soundless mire the London airport expansion pursuit half a century later with the topical Howard Davies Airports Commission set up in 2012 still wading in the long running controversy (FT, 2014). Continued poli tical posturing, hedging and stonewalling still characterizes this pursuit for a viable solution given the readiness to oppose policies espoused by those of different complexions and political stand and complication of issues hindering bold decisions and action (FT, 2014 CAPA, 2013). With reference to previous government airport policies, this section evaluates the desire of government to postpone a decision on the final solution to meet need until after the 2015 general election. In the Davies Commissions view, the capacity challenge is yet to become critical and there is need for action as there is potential for it to be (The Independent, 2014 Airports Committee, 2013a). These findings contained in its December 2013 interim report (preceding a final report expected in 2015) are based on the quotation of continued growth of air pass away, mainly in the South East of England with the need for an extra runway by 2030 and another possibly by 2050. For the short and medium term, the Commission has made a raft of proposals to enhance efficiency of airline and ground operations (Airports Commission, 2013b). Ideally, the latter proposal is arguably most book given that operational and design improvements have hitherto enabled the handling of more volumes than anticipated, extending current capacity and enabling full and efficient use of available resource (UKCAA, 2013 The Independent, 2014). On the Commissions shortlist of options for the short and medium term include a third runwayand lengthening of an existing runway at Heathrow, and a new runway at Gatwick. The proposal for a brand new airport in the Thames Estuary is side-lined citing uncertainties and challenges surrounding it with the Commission however promising to evaluate its feasibleness and to arrive at a decision regarding its viability later in 2014 as well as longer term expansion options at Stansted and Birmingham (CAPA, 2013 Airport International, 2012). The government however says that it will n ot make a final decision in this regard until after the 2015 general election pushing the responsibility to the next government (CAPA, 2013 FT, 2014). When the Coalition government came to power in 2010, it scrapped former Labour governments plan for a third runway at Heathrow to which it had been strongly opposed instead favouring the creation of a new hub airport in the Thames Estuary (Helsey and Codd, 2012). Given renewed focus on Heathrow, there seems to be a delve decision by government to avoid offending the electorate in its turnaround from its manifesto commitment, as well as to avoid political turbulence in the run up to the forthcoming elections (FT, 2014 CAPA, 2013). It is widely accepted that Prime Minister David Cameron set up the Davies Commission in a bid to postpone or to defuse controversy, maintaining a dishonest ambiguity until after the general election (FT, 2014). Heathrow is a popular preference given the support it receives from the majority of politicians (except those with constituencies on the leak path) business and powerful instance lobby bodies airlines air alliances remote UK regional airports benefiting from international connections as well as domestic and international aviation re boonative bodies (CAPA, 2013 FT, 2014). Critics state that the inclusion of other airports is intended at making the proposals not to seem too Heathrow-centric and is aimed at political expediency (FT, 2014, CAPA, 2013). It would have been political dynamite for the Commission not to have made positive clamours with regard to runway capacity warding off accusations of ministers trying to kick the controversy into the long grass, a scenario which has bedevilled such pursuits for half a century (CAPA, 2013 The Independent, 2014). From the 1967 Government White Paper permitting the expansion of Stansted, through subsequent inquiries and the Roskill Commission in the early 1970s, the quest for grow capacity continues with arguments going back and fo rth around similar proposals and sites (FT, 2014 UKCAA, 2013). Expansion at Heathrow is an easy road given that it is relatively cheaper and has less challenges but for the environmental concerns of noise pollution and carbon emissions which cannot be ignored or wished away (Airports Committee, 2013a). The option for expansion at Stansted is impeded by previous capacity limit point by the 1985 White Paper, though it got reprieve in the 2003 Future of Air Transport White Paper and an extension of passenger capacity limit by the courts (DOT, 2003). Yet, Stansted has historically been challenged with regard to its support of long-haul flights preference by airlines as well as environmental concerns (World Airline Directory, 2001 UKCAA, 2013). The Thames Estuary option despite being the most environmentally sound is challenged by economic considerations regarding not only the cost of building the airport but also the requisite surface links, and costs associated with imminent full sto p at Heathrow. There is also difficulty in the estimation of effects it will have on demand and airline operations (The Independent, 2014 Airports Commission, 2013b Airport International, 2012). This scenario highlights the present dilemma facing political players and government, which is what leads to their general uncertainty and a general lack of boldness in approach. Intense lobbying and political pressure has consequently led to the postponement of decisions and the backtracking by government from its pledge. The divide in opinion and arguments causing uncertainty hands politicians a license to continue to do nothing at all. References Airports Committee, 2013a. Emerging thinking Aviation Capacity in the UK. 7th October. Viewed from https//www.gov.uk/government/news/aviation-capacity-in-the-uk-emerging-thinking Airports Commission, 2013b. Short and medium term options proposals for making the best use of existing airport capacity. 7th August. Viewed from https//www.gov.uk/gover nment/publications/short-and-medium-term-options-proposals-for-making-the-best-use-of-existing-airport-capacity Airport International, 2012. Thames Estuary Airport Is Not A Short Term Solution. 4 July 2012. CAPA, 2013. The Davies Commissions Interim Report on UK airports the big loser remains UK competitiveness. Centre for Aviation. Department of Transport, 2003. The Future of Air Transport White Paper and the Civil Aviation Bill. Viewed on 14/1/2014 from http//webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http/www.dft.gov.uk/about/strategy/whitepapers Financial Times, 2014. Londons new airport held to ransom by folly. December, 2013 Helsey and Codd, 2012. Aviation proposals for an airport in the Thames estuary, 1945-2012 The Independent, 2014. Sir Howard Davies Airports Commission Air travel could be transformed within a few years with no more stacking. 17th December, 2013 UKCAA, 2013. UK Airport Statistics Aviation Intelligence. United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority.

Bridge On The River Kwai Essay

For example a characters intention, sequence of events, etc? A part in the flick which was confusing was when Nicholson decided to assist the Japanese in fargon the distich. He becomes so obsessed in building the straddle (which he regarded as a symbol of British efficiency and resourcefulness, which will be remembered for time to come) that he fails to identify that he is collaborating with the Japanese even when he was communicate by his own medical officer.He becomes so blinded by this that he, a man of principles and one who follows rules custodytioned in the Geneva Convention is voluntary to make his officers work for the timely borderination of the nosepiece. Saito tells Nicholson that it will not be necessary to exercise the copy of the Geneva Convention and walks away making the silence/no-response response speak for him.Due to the in read form of communication it is hard to follow if Saito subject matter that Nicholson should not bring the book because he has previously read it and now that it has been brought to his attention he will not make the British officers do manual of arms abour or that he has read the book but will still make the British officers do manual labour. Making silence speak kind of of words and the indirect form of communication owns the essence of a controertive culture. Another part of the pic which was hard to understand was when Nicholson fell on the detonator at the end of the film.It is unclear if Nicholson had an intention to undo the bridge or if it was a mere accident. His last lines what have I make do finish off his intent but due to the fact that he falls on the plunger there was no ample clarification for the same. in that location is a possibility that due to his love for the bridge uilt by the British soldiers he had Just proceeded towards the plunger to disconnect it, however, dies while doing so and hence falls on it instead. 0 What was the best thing somewhat the movie?What was the worst ? The best part to the highest degree the film was the way Nicholson stood by his principles and persuaded Saito to not make his officers do manual labour and hence go by the rules mentioned in the Geneva Convention. The astonishing part about this was that this was taking place in a POW clique where the bargaining power was higher with Saito than Nichonson. Nicholsonss leadership abilities made his officers not give in to Saito and start anual work, and hence continued to be punished in the oven.His leadership abilities are envisioned well when the British medical officer comes to meet him at the oven, Nicholson was more concern about his officers than about himself even later he was deprived of food and water for numerous days. His pride and patriotic qualities tacilitate him to stand by his word against Saito even atter physical and emotional harm is macrocosm inflicted on him during the period of negotiation. On the other hand I feel that 2 Saito underestimated his BATNA ( Best alternative to a negotiated agreement).I feel hat during the time of positional bargaining with Nicholson, ultimately carving under pressure and letting him out of the oven, Saito should have use his own soldiers for the bridge (till such time Nicholson was persuaded to make his men work) and created more discipline and collaboration among the workers for the timely completion of the bridge. I feel that there was little room for principled negotiation as Nicholson was not spontaneous to do so. The worse part of the movie was the collapse of the bridge in the end.A bridge which was the cause of various negotiations between Saito and Nicholson, in the process esulted in numerous threats, blackmail and infliction of physical and emotional harm from Saito to Nicholson and consequentially got Nicholson himself killed. By the collapse of the bridge all that seemed to be a waste. 0 What did you go on to be the most interesting or surprising element of the film? Why? The most surpris ing element of the film is the fact when Nicholson decides to take everyplace the responsibility to construct the bridge after having won the negotiation against Saito and having no obligation towards doing so.He becomes so obsessed in building the bridge (which he regarded as a symbol of British efficiency and resourcefulness, which will be remembered for times to come) that he fails to identify that he is collaborating with the Japanese even when he was informed by his own medical officer. He defends himself in front of the officer by saying that he is getting the bridge made efficiently as he wants people who use to bridge in the future to remember how it was built and who built it. He also adds that by working on the bridge together his men will feel like British soldiers rather than Japanese prisoners.The bridge was Nicholsons trophy and was not an instrument to keep the British soldiers together. He becomes so blinded by this that he, a man of principles and one who follows r ules mentioned in the Geneva Convention is willing to make his officers work for the timely completion of the bridge. He forgot about the war and his loyalties and started to aid in the improvement of the bridge rather than working in accordance with the instructions provided by the Japanese. It was this perceived trading that lead to his downfall ultimately.This was due to the fact that if he was not that keen of building a good bridge, he would not have reacted the way he did once he identified the explosives and could have prevented the unnecessary loss f lives towards the end including his own. 3 0 What is the movie trying to tell beautys? The movie glorifies the western civilization, especially that of the British. On the other hand it portrays the east Oapanese) to be weak and still learning. 0 How does it go about conveying this message? In the beginning Saito and Nicholson did not get along well.Nicholson insisted that his officers were not to do manual labour as per the r ules stated in the Geneva Convention, however, Saito was more bothered about getting the bridge ready on time. When the numerous attempts Saito made to persuade the stubborn Nicholson ailed he tried a friendly come out by offering the starved Nicholson with Beef corn and Whiskey and by telling him that the senior officers including him do not have to manual labour. Saito had to ultimately carve and wilt towards the sanitary armed Nicholson even though Nicholson was in his POW camp.This was done using the anniversary of Japans victory in the Russo-Japanese war in rove to save face. The concept of saving face is due to the impact of collectivism. This concept of saving face suggests that Saito is from a country with a high long term orientation index (L TO) culture. Not only this, once Nicholson took up the responsibility of the bridge and implemented British designs, oversight and ingenuity to it, he ended up making a more technically sound and competent bridge than the Japanese could have otherwise built. What cultural issues do you see? How are these portrayed? o Individualist, Power distance and hierarchy, Communication styles, role of gender, etc? In the initial part of the movie the American soldier bribes the Japanese captain to assist him in getting infirmaryized. The Japanese soldier does not use the word No. He indirectly tries to xpress his reluctance to hospitalize the American. When the American insists using the usual American loud and verbose attitude, the solder uses silence for the same and walks away after moving his head from side to side.This indirect and non-verbal form of communication indicates that the Japanese is from a collectivist, low IDV and a high context culture. The American soldier wanted to be hospitalized as he was self-centered. This along with the fact that he ran away shows that he was individualistic and did not care about anyone else. It can therefore be perceived that e has a high internal locus of control, signifyin g that he is in charge of his own life and that what happens to him is a result of his own actions and hence indicates that he is from a high IDV and a low context culture. 4 A more participative hierarchy is portrayed by the British soldiers.This can be seen when the British officers and their Colonel meet and have a debate on the topic of explode from the camp. One of the officers directly disagreed with Nicholson when he advised the officers not to escape from the camp. The officer argued that staying in the camp is a sure way of getting killed. This shows the impact of an individualistic ulture as in a collectivist culture disagreement is usually done indirectly or very discreetly. The British (westerners) usually like to costly the word No in order tor the meaning to be conveyed effectively they do not understand indirect negative responses.This kind of participative nature and direct denial from an officer to the colonels advice signifies a low power distance index (PDI) as power seems to be shared and well dispersed. This direct approach can also be seen in Nicholson when Saito tells him at the beginning of the movie that he will order his officers to work and he directly replies saying No. The local woman are looking up to the men and taking care of them in the scene where the American is harvest-festivaling the POW camp to destroy the bridge. It seems as if the women expect the men to be tough, assertive and be the provider.This shows that the local community is a high Masculinity index (MAS) culture. power structure has been shown in some instances during the film. As far as the Japanese were concern, the Japanese soldier taking his cap off and bowing (In Japan there are rules for the Japanese like of the Western handshake for who to bow, how much they should bow and hence are difficult to master) to Saito at the beginning of he film, bringing him a platform to stand on as he was short and so that people look up to him and salute him, were some instances showing hierarchy amongst the Japanese.Also the man responsible for fanning the Saito does not speak due to respect and even if it is raining the soldier still stands outside the premises as they are lower down in the hierarchy. 0 Did you like the film? Why or why not? Yes, I liked the film. The film did not have a right or faulty due to which it follows a unique and realistic approach based on individuals. Like more war films it is neither for nor against the war. By the end of the movie the viewer is less interested in the fact that who wins the war than about how the individuals will behave. 0 What adjective would you use to describe your reaction to the film? Why did you react this way? As rightly described by Clipton at the end of the film, the adjective that can be used to describe my reaction of the film is madness. all(prenominal) individual in the film is inclined towards their own duty, order and chaos that they lose what really matters and what is most import ant. Emotions and orders have taken over the right or sane thing to do. The characters have hence led the situation to go out of hand. 0 In what ways can you identify with the movie, its characters and its message?The movie is more about the events surrounding the war rather than the battles and the fighting. These events have turned mortality, Judgment and sound thought around and have eventually lead to madness. There are various examples of this so called madness in the movie the madness of Nicholson who says that working with the enemy is not going against ones country, the madness ot the American who accepts to return to a camp on a suicide mission where he escaped, nearly getting killed and he madness of a struggle the compel men to make harsh decisions. Based on your knowledge of negotiations what do you think was going on? o What kind of dirty tricks were being used? Give 3 examples. Initially Saito used a forceful approach in negotiating with the Nicholson. Saito caused emo tional (By cutting food supply and taking people from the hospital to work) and physical (When Saito slapped Nicholson and put him in the oven) means in order to persuade the soldiers to commence work on the bridge. Saito underestimated his BATNA (Best alternative to a negotiated agreement).I feel that during the time of positional bargaining with Nicholson, ultimately carving under pressure and letting them out of the oven, Saito should have used his own soldiers for the bridge (Till such time Nicholson was persuaded to make his men work) and created discipline and collaboration among the workers for the timely completion of the bridge. I feel that there was little room for principled negotiation as Nicholson was not willing to do so. One of the dirty tricks used by Saito was that of threat when he warned Nicholson that if he does not order his troops to start work on the bridge he will be shot.Another dirty trick used by Saito in the initial part of the movie was that of Chinese w ater twist, signifying that he kept repeating his demands without bothering much about what Nicholson has to say. 6 The third dirty trick in the movie was when Saito asked the British soldier to meet with Nicholson for 5 minutes and tell him that if he doesnt order his officers to start work he will make the people in the hospital work. This was a blustering on Saitos part, even after hearing this Nicholson never changed his decision and the soldiers at the hospital were never made to work. What set are portrayed? Independence, cooperation, hierarchy, power, etc? The values that are portrayed in the movie are Independence, hierarchy, bravery, power, pride, patriotism, collaboration, leadership and commitment to duty. 0 How were these values portrayed? o Give examples of the type of behaviour that you base your answer upon Independence was shown when the American played on his life in order to escape from the Japanese camp in order to be free.Hierarchy can be seen by the Japanese soldiers to Saito when they remove their cap and bow to him, when they get him a raised platform during the time of his speech, y the guard to Saitos house has to stand outside even though it is raining and by the man responsible for fanning not speaking in the entire movie. These major differences in hierarchy and the soldiers accepting an unequal distribution of power indicates a high power distance index (PDI). Bravery has been shown by Nicholson when he did not give in even though Saito threaten ed him witn a gun hidden in the truck.Collaboration was shown by the soldiers once the bridge was the responsibility of Nicholson. This was not present when Saito is in charge of the bridge as stated by he British engineer when he was questioned by Nicholson what he would have done differently if this was his bridge. Because of the task-oriented approach of Nicholson and he planning ahead step by step which can be seen when he says this is the end of the agenda while coming upon with Sa ito for discussion of the proposal for the new bridge, the soldiers were able to effectively collaborate.This suggests that Nicholson is from a linear Active Culture. Pride and patriotism can be seen when the British officers were marching in group and whistling. 7 Leadership was portrayed by Nicholson when the British soldier brought him food in he oven. Nicholson had not seen sun light for days, was weak and deprived of food and water but even then he was more concern about his officers than about himself. Commitment to duty was shown by Nicholson when he took over the responsibility of the bridge.He made the best and most efficient bridge possible, forgetting about the war and his loyalties. 0 Was there anything about the movie (sights, sounds, smells, colors, background scenes) that told you something about the culture that you were dealing with? What did you learn? The type of culture seemed to be a collectivist one. This can be seen rom the behavior of the society when the Ame rican escapes and reaches a village. 0 What does the movie tell you about the culture of the producers of the film?What about the film gives you this indication? The movie portrays glorification of western civilization in monetary value of perseverance and inventiveness, specifically the British. This indicates that the producer is from the British culture. Nicholson was able to circumvent Japanese commands due to his Engineers having the ability to construct a more technically sound bridge than the Japanese Engineers. 0 How do you think other audiences would react to this film? Why?I feel that other audience would feel that the film is more about the events surrounding the war rather than the battles and the fighting. These events have turned mortality, judgment and sound thought around and have eventually lead to madness. There are various examples of this so called madness in the movie the madness of Nicholson who says that working with the enemy is not going against ones countr y, the madness ot the American who accepts to return to a camp where ne escaped, nearly getting killed and the madness of a struggle the obliged men to make harsh decisions.

Unit 17

Unit 17 Working in the Social Care celestial sphere Investigate Potential Careers in Social Care M1 Assess how a misgiving worker can contribute to providing a positive experiencing for uses of tender awe services Case study denim is a care worker in a residential care home. Her job is to provide care for the physical, social and emotional reads of the residents she works with, as well as liaising with a variety of peck who are linked with the residents. bloody shame is 86 and recently widowed, at which time she moved into the care home where Jean works.Mary has a large family who visits regularly and play an active part in her care plan. She suffers from rheumatoid arthritis and is a little hard of hearing. She had an active life whilst her husband was still alive. She loves to read, watch the soaps on television and listen to music. She in like manner loves to sew and knit but struggles because of her medical checkup condition. Jean, Marys care worker, go away need to work with doctors a specialist with arthritis, physiotherapy and occupational therapist. All these things entrust help Mary positively because it will help her with her arthritis.Jean will also need to work with a grievance counsellor so that Mary can talk to mortal close to the death of her husband, Mary may obtain even better that the person shes talking to is a professional so she/he will energise got client confidentiality and will help her. Jean will need to belong in touch with the care home community people who teach saltation lessons, exercise and if possible entertainers because Mary had an active life when her husband was alive, Mary is in a care home but that doesnt mean that she should be disengaged from society.Jean will need to make do about Marys diet and will also need to work with the chef of the care home so that Mary can eat because if Jean just gives her anything to eat Mary may non eat it and will go to bed hungry. Jean will need to make sure that in a cl inic or a GP Mary will have the same nurse all the time and that in the care home most of the people that work with her are the same people. This will help Mary build relationships and trust with the people she works with and to note comfortable to talk to someone and if she is being abused she may feel comfortable to tell another staff at the care home.Jean will also need to work with Marys family and friends so that when they want to visit Mary they will know what time to come, when visiting hours are and on which eld they are longer. Mary is Jeans patient so it is important that she knows what Mary enjoys doing in her spare time, communication is a very important expertness because Jean is going to need to understand Mary, so that she can make her feel like shes in important in the care home. Jean will have to think about what Mary likes to eat if shes a vegetarian, if she has any allergies, if she needs to eat halal or kosher food.Jean will need to know if Mary has any relig ious beliefs, if shes a Christian she may need a Bible in her room, if shes Muslim she may need a prayer mat, it will be very important that jean learns about Marys religious beliefs and her culture so that Mary can feel comfortable and relaxed in the care home. Putting a TV in Mar room, putting a TV in everyones room, would stop arguments with the people in the care home and she would probably put on subtitles which some people may not like. Jean will also need to get a hearing aid for Mary this will improve Marys hearing.Even though Mary is in a care home not everything is brought directly to her so some arrangements will need to be made. The practical arrangements that Jean will have to do for Mary will be to empathise a grievance counsellor possibly every week, do her shopping every week and to arrange for her transport whether shes going to set out customary transport, because if so she will need a over 60s free bus pass but if Mary isnt going to take public transport then J ean will have to arrange for a bus maybe for her and some other people in the care home as well.Jean will also have to arrange Marys appointments at the GP or the clinic or with her physiotherapy. Jean will have to think about items Mary may need laptop, telephone, TV. Mary could use her laptop (Skype) and a telephone to communicate with her family and friends, who could possibly live out of the country. Jean could provide a positive experience by teaching Mary, in her own spare time, how to use the latest gadgets (which could help her communicate with her family and friends better) and just by being at that place and interacting with Mary and being there for her and keeping her safe will make it a positive experience.Care workers that are patient, caring and empathetic will help make a positive experience for everyone because by having these 3 things this could help you have a better understanding of their lives and may feel to a greater extent sympathetic towards them and when p eople understand people better they are, most of the time, less likely to abuse them. If the patients are being abused in the care home, having someone that the patients can talk to and trust in the are home can help them confined in them and tell them that someone is abusing them and it can be stopped. Having a care worker that is meeting an individual needs can be very helpful to their patients because this will make them feel very important and it could boost their self esteem. It is very important to have good communication skills in a care home because this could help build relationships and trust however there may be some barriers but that shouldnt stop a care worker from trying to communicate with their patients.

Categories Of Carbon Steel Their Compositions Engineering Essay

STEEL is apply for as somaed coats of Fe. These vary from each other depending on the content and % of gorge added to the Fe pes solution. On must maintain an of signifi keepce factor in head, every net(predicate) steels contain a % degree of C + Manganese + Silicone + Sulpher. By increase C to establish solution the overeat will increase strength and hardness t herefore improves drastically the harden-ability. On the other manus C reduces the potential of weld-ability and increases crispness. Several types of steels exist in our markets, the most greenness being field C, chromium steel, alloyed and tool steel.Carbon steel is one of the for the most part used steels in several industries. As explained antecedently, its belongingss be dependent largely on the % of C added just now the other elements have minor influence excessively. One of import factor sing Plain Carbon trade name, is that this is a type of steel incorporating up to 1.5 % of C. One must foreground th at most of the C add-ons in C steel atomic number 18 less than that of 1 % . some(prenominal) covers of these steels are structural ships, auto frames, etc. ( Capudean, 2003 ) ( Iron making & A Steel MAking, 2008 ) ( Jr. , 2007 )Harmonizing to the Steel Classification Society , Carbon steels are sub separate into four chief classs Low Carbon Steels /Mild Steels these steels have less than 0.25 % of C, and these are the largely used class of C steels. Normally this type being unresponsive to heat hindrances, intended to organize a martensitic construction, beef uping is achieved by cold functional the portion due to low C content. These are really easy to organize steels with accomplishing popularity largely for not gamey strength applications. Some belongingss are truly tough, inexpensive sing costs ( least expensive to bring forth ) , they are easy machined ( more than(prenominal) ductile than graduate(prenominal) C steels ) and welding belongingss are anyways rea lly beneficial. Typically these have 275MPa output strength, 450 550 MPa tensile strength, and 25 % EL Ductility. For overmuch(prenominal) a ground, these are normally used in applications as Bridgess due its ability to deform under burden and return to its original. ( B ) ( Capudean, 2003 ) ( Groover, 2010 )Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktopRoadRailBridges.gifMedium Carbon Steels incorporate 0.25 % up to 0.55 % C. When it comes to belongingss, increasing C anyway means a direct influential addition in hardness + tensile strength. On the other manus this besides effects severely the ductileness which makes it more hard to machine. Heat intervention to really thin subdivisions can mitigate much(prenominal) machinability issues. These may be austinized by slaking and annealing laterwards to better such belongingss. These are comparatively stronger than the old class, whilst weaker than the high C steels. One common application of medium C steel is the production of crankshafts where high strength and ineptness is necessitate to defy high tonss and antagonist to tire when it comes to uninterrupted tortuosity and bending. Typical values are, 450-580MPa output strength, 600-750 MPa tensile strength, and 20-30 % EL Ductility. ( Corus, 2010 ) ( Jr. , 2007 ) ( Iron Making & A Steel MAking, 2008 )Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktop1108phr-03+383ci-small-block-chevys+pistons-and-crankshaft.jpgHigh Carbon Steels incorporate 0.6 % up to 1.4 % of C. In a heat treated status it is fit to defy high shear and wear hence, these are used in applications where stiffness and hardness play an of import portion such as in rope wire, besides good in prolonging crisp film editing borders. Unfortunately, these are the least malleable and really difficult to weld, in fact preheating and station warming ( absolute of chilling temperature ) is decisive in order to obtain good welding sections and accomplish good mechanical belongingss. Since at their max imal hardenable conditions, these are the most brickly devising this a large drawback for this steel. ( B ) ( Jr. , 2007 ) ( Groover, 2010 )Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktopwire-rope2.jpgVery High Carbon Steel / Tool Steels are a sub pigeonholing of high C steels and contain lower limit of 0.8 % C. These have weak welding belongingss and ductileness, but are really good when it comes to strength, hardness and wear opposition that s why it is really normally used in centre clouts. An of import factor for these sorts of steels is that most of them are used in a hardened + tempered status. ( Jr. , 2007 ) ( Groover, 2010 )Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktopoolsteel.jpgP7 Question 2Select an industry and supply a brief over position of one alloy forming technique used.The preciseness admixture organizing performance I will be discoursing is the Powder Formation ( PM ) . This gives an alternate cost effectual range towards stomping, hammering, machined split and projec ting. This is characterized one of the most oblige preciseness metal organizing technique in the modern industry and it is normally found in the automotive industry. Most vehicle move presents are produced by such a procedure. PM combines pulverization compression with optimum physical belongingss with controlled high temperatures atmosphere sintering. ( Turkish PM )Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktopimage001.gifSuch a procedure offers ideal benefits that you can non accomplish with using other metal clearing procedures. Mentioning merely a few, it is really material efficient since the finished portion uses ascorbic acid % of the stuff, whilst in other organizing techniques one will hold wastes. The procedure is really good in making intricate forms with minimum cost add-on. Some object lessons could be splines, cogwheels, away centric parts, etc ) . Sometimes this besides reduces assemblies since most of the assembly parts can be produced in a individual formation by PM. The PM clouts and rods produce parts with closer tolerances. A assortment of standard metals are specifically suited for PM processing, nevertheless intermixing can be easy make to run into specific belongings consider. Automatic rhythms make the PM procedure really labour efficient. The lone back draw is to put up the parametric quantities for the tooling, but as this is done, the procedure can bring forth parts at a really efficient rate. High temperature Powder admixture ( HTPM ) , is able to accomplish 88-96 % of the material theoretical denseness. Since all stuff belongingss depends on denseness ( elongation, output strength, etc ) , HTMP outperform other procedures. ( GT.b, 2012 ) ( J, 2011 ) ( Marciniak, 1988 )The high temperature metal pulverization procedure is divided into 4 chief sectors Blending here high pureness metals pulverizations and additives are studied so funneled down to take the optimal pick for the application in order to run into the coveted belonging ss to the application. For illustration in the automotive industry, this procedure is used to organize panels. Here aluminum pulverization with anti oxidation additives and silicone for elastic belongingss are added in order to organize the ideal mixture for the door panel. All the pulverizations are assorted with particular lubricators which helps treating the pulverization flow. As mentioned before, blending the pulverizations in a steady province provides new chances to come up with new belongingss unique merely to HTPM.Compacting Powdered metal is federal official from a grasshopper into a provender shoe. The provender shoe delivers it into a die pit. Here multiple pulsations compress it into 50 % of its original capacity. Second strength packing forces adjust and deform the atoms whilst implementing local mechanical bondings organizing a portion known as a green portion . These are ejected carefully by automated machines and conveyed to the future(a) measure. Compacting i mperativenesss vary from 5 up to 900 tones and are capable of multiple gestures.Sintering this involves puting the green portion in temperatures above 1300AC ( but below runing points ) . By such a procedure a batch of benefits are achieved, metallurgical bonding is enhanced, ductileness and stamina are besides improved. The initial art of the procedure cleans lubricators and surface of the metallic atoms to guarantee perfect mechanical belongingss sing the finished constituent. At the 2nd portion of this procedure ( go forthing portion in high temperatures ) , this allows energy to exchange mechanical bonds to metallurgical bonds.Completing sizing / coining are post operations that can be used for more complicated and minor tolerance dimensions, ( illustration engine parts like cylinder valves, linking rods, etc ) . Extra coating assets could be milling, crunching etc. From here it can come on to a connection procedure. afterward joined this can besides be heat treated and pl ated. Heat intervention goes up to 550AC to do a bed of Fe3O4A which acts as wearing away resistant, and increase in hardness. ( N.A. ) ( GT.b, 2012 ) ( J, 2011 ) ( Marciniak, 1988 )Note- A presentation will be held in category explicating the procedure in more item.Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktopcycle.jpgP8 Question 3Distinguish amidst spinal fusion & A non amalgamation, besides select one procedure and discuss. Finally supply one application and besides discuss.Welding is a procedure to bring forth high strength lasting articulations between two ( or more ) parts that need to be connected with each other by agencies of a weldment ( metallurgic fall ining subdivision ) . There are assorted ways to obtain such a connexion and with today s engineering we are accomplishing better belongings results when it comes to post welding belongingss. Chiefly the procedure involves heating a portion, runing the portion / alkali metal ( depending on which procedure is adopted ) and connection of the stuff occurs as temp start to chill down. Thus the procedure required relies chiefly on the application of heat and force per unit area. One common welding factor is that the metallurgic construction of any metal will be changed station to welding. This could take to a station welding heat intervention procedure. ( T, 2010 ) ( Key to metals, 2007 )Welding is divided into two chief groups, depending on the physical province of the base metal during the procedure that of the base metal being in liquid province or in solid province. These procedures are better known as merger and non merger welding techniques. In order to choose which welding procedure demands to be selected one should first analyze both the welding procedures and addition information sing pre dyers rockets and station dyers rockets. ( YAlmaz, 2007 )Fusion / Liquid disk operating system Welding this is the most common type of welding found in the industry due that the dyers rocket produced is really strong. In this sort of fall ining procedure, the base metal is melted in order for the dyers rocket to happen. Apart from the heat beginning a filler stuff ( consumable electrode ) may be fed besides into the welding kitty-cat. This procedure may besides hire a protective bed between our environing atmosphere and the liquefied metal ( gas casing or flux ) . This testimonial consequences in a scoria on top of the welded seam which subsequently on solidifies and can be removed. There is a assortment of merger welding processes that can be used holding a different belongings result. ( Marinov )Three major classs of merger welding are found which are bomber divided into different procedures Arc Welding in this sort of procedure warming and thaw of the stuff is done by an electric discharge. Some illustrations of discharge welding could be Shield metal discharge welding, , Gas tungsten arc welding, Plasma discharge welding, Gas metal discharge welding, Flux cored arc welding, Subm erged discharge welding, Electroslag welding.Gas Welding for this sort of welding the gas produces a fire that melts the basal stuff. An illustration of such procedure is Oxyacetylene weldingHigh energy beam welding here a high energy beam is shot between the two parts held together under force per unit area. As the temperature starts diminishing after the beam Michigan, the parts start to bond together. Some illustrations of this procedure are Electro beam welding & A Laser beam welding.Basically all the procedures reference antecedently for merger has the resembling principals. A heat / energy beginning is laborious on a really little country and a weld pool is produced. These heat beginnings for merger are arc, high energy beams and gas. Obviously the author denseness rises from gas fire to an electric discharge to a high energy beam. For the classs mentioned below we can analyze a graph demoing the heat stimulation to the work piece vs power denseness of heat beginning. It is reasonably obvious that as the power of the heat beginning additions, the heat input to the welded portion decreases. therefore the less the power denseness of the beginning the larger the affected country. Excessive clip for heating can do harm to the work piece, by changing the belongingss including deformation and weakening. ( Schwartz, 1979 )Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktopUntitledff.pngTherefore one of the advantages on power denseness increaser is deeper incursions, optimum welding qualities, and less exposure clip for the welded portion. This procedure is besides various, and universal for confined infinites. On the other manus some discriminates are, it is non every bit productive as uninterrupted wire applications, current bounds are critical to find the joint potency. ( Liverpool, 2000 )Non Fusion / Solid State Welds for this type of welding heat is applied merely for the base metal to soften in its solid province in order to ease pliable distortion or rush up the solid province diffusion. As the name provinces, in non merger welding the stuffs are joined together without the demand of runing the base metal. Here the stuffs to be joined are brought together at equilibrium spacing for fictile distortion through high temperatures ( below runing point ) and force per unit areas. Some of the chief non merger welding techniques are Cold welding In this procedure the dyers rocket is achieved by the force per unit area and little lift in temperature due to cold working. Some typical illustrations are barrack welding & A Roll Welding.Clash welding For this procedure the dyers rocket is achieved due to the heat produced due to using force per unit area between the parts i.e making clash. Some illustrations are Radial Friction welding & A Orbital Friction Welding.Diffusion Welding here both parts are held together under invariant force per unit area, promoting the temperature somewhat and left invariable for a peculiar clip frame ( de pending on the stuff ) . Some illustrations are Conventional Diffusion welding & A Deformation Diffusion weldingSolid State Deposition Welding Chemical answer bounding.Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktopspwmtfeb2001f1.jpgThe first advantage of such a procedure is that low heat is required, hence minimum disruptors in crystalline construction are notice since no thaw temperatures are required. This could besides be applied for stuffs within the same category or evening within different categories due that no intermixing is involved. The chief disadvantage is that for such a procedure big, fixed machineries are required and this is a consequence for big capital financess to purchase the equipment required. Another disadvantage is that this procedure is non really feasible to be applied for little graduated table applications since its complicity. ( Jr, 2004 ) ( Lancaster, 1999 )Describing one peculiar welding regularity, the method I will be discoursing is the Hyperbaric We lding Process normally known as under piddle welding. This procedure falls under the class of Fusion welding. This is a really good illustration of welding in an unusual, critical environment. For such a procedure the welder must be an A class welder plus a commercial loon in order to defy the harsh and unsafe sea conditions nature has to offer. ( Mukund, 1974 )Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktop2071602_f520.jpgIn order to delegate instantly the procedure with an application mentioning advantages, disadvantages, equipment, restrictions and safeguards, the submersed welding is a procedure used in the offshore industry. The offshore industry covers the fixs of vass ( any kind ) , boring platforms ( jack up rigs, semi submersible rigs, self propelled rigs ) , Bridgess, etc. These constructions face terrible conditions conditions and are invariably flexing in multi conditional environments, hence the hazard of harm and failure is far greater. Basically this sort of welding is ideal and it is really conciliative since the work could be done under the water line, therefore the natation works could be rep haloed in place without the demand of docking the platform to obtain dry conditions. This consequences in less sweeps and loss of valuable boring clip. Restrictions of such a procedure for our boring platform application are that the system is necessarily bulky and expensive to run.For such an application normally low to intercede C steels are used. Steels are designed as CT and a figure after to demo the C content. The most common steel found in this industry is CT3. Low and intermediate C steels are ideal since these have high malleability and sensible dyers rocket ability. A The weld ability of depends on their C + manganese content in concurrence with their dross degrees. At low C degrees that of less than 0.15 % , the steels are non difficult and the dyers rocket ability is excellent.A For the medium C type, 0.30 0.60 % C is found and these can be w elded easy by agencies of discharge welding. Unlike the surface normal discharge welding, where such intermediate C have higher hardness and martinsite formation, in dry conditions pre warming and station warming are required. For deep sea dyers rockets alternatively of pre warming and station warming, the dyers rocket is non performed at one spell but with intermediate intermissions. ( Martikainen ) ( Sacrificial Metal, 2012 )Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktopcorrosion_drill ( 1 ) .jpgBasically there are two categorizations to execute go down welding. The choice of the proper method is selected after an submerged structural / hull study and the parametric quantities of the submerged environment. The welding categorizations are Dry Welding & As Wet welding .Wet Welding here the welding is performed to the direct exposure of the wet conditions. Here the Manual Metal Arc procedure is used. The principals of such a procedure are fundamentally the same as that of Arc Welding on dry land but in this instance a particular H2O cogent evidence electrode is required in order to protect the electrode s nucleus. This is the most efficient and cost effectual welding method found amongst all under H2O welding. For this method the power supply is located on the surface of the H2O ( dry conditions ) and the overseas telegrams and hosieries are fed to the frogman via overseas telegram defenders ( big flexible piping ) .The power supply provenders direct current ( DC ) 300 400 As through overseas telegrams with negative unwashed opposition. If positive mutual opposition is used in DC electrolysis will occour and causes rapid impairment of the metallic constituents in the electrode manus held holder. DC currents are used alternatively of AC ( Alternating ) due to electrical safety and the trouble of keeping the discharge in wet conditions. Motor generator welding machines are normally used. For the moisture type welding it is of import that the circuit includes a jab switch ( Positive type ) . This sort of switch is operated on the surface but at last commanded by the frogman for optimal safety. This switch should be capable of interrupting the full welding current and stops the dyers rocket ax the switch is non-operated. As mentioned antecedently, even the electrode itself should hold a particular coating of waterproofing. Basically all connexions should be changed in order that no H2O comes in tactile sensation with any metal parts. If this insularity is damaged, current will leak and will non be available in the discharge. ( Levi, 2010 )This method is low cost compared to dry welding, it is besides an onsite occupation i.e. no demand of complex equipment an the frogman can make places of the offshore construction that could non be reached by other types of welding. Some disadvantages are that there is an immediate squish of the welded articulation due to environing Waterss ( additions tensile strength decreases ductileness & A in creasure in porousness and hardness ) .large sums of H is present taking to disruptions. H2 dissolves in heat affectional order and the welded articulation could check. The chief disadvantage is the safety issue sing visibleness and currentsDegree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktopWelding.Programs.jpgHyperbaric Dry Welding here the dyers rocket is done in a certain house. This chamber is normally filled up with He incorporating 0.5 saloon of O at positive force per unit area somewhat above ambient. These dyers rockets are somewhat higher in quality that of moisture welding and run into X-ray cryptography demands. For such a procedure the Manual Metal Arc is used or the Gas Tungsten Arc welding is used ( depending on the welder accomplishments ) . The welding is done in dry conditions but at hydrostatic force per unit areas of the deepness of the environing sea. For the dry dyers rocket procedure the welding power generator could be AC and DC.Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesk topCommercialDryBell.jpgSome advantages of dry welding are that the frogman is safer since the dyers rocket is performed in an enclosed chamber, hence no direct distractions from currents, and visibleness is much better than moisture welding since the chamber is illuminated. Good quality dyers rockets are achieved comparable to come up welding and H2 degrees are much lower than H2O dyers rockets, not distructave proving could be performed in the chamber. Some disadvantages are that the procedure requires much more capital and support at the surface as the method is much more complex, the cost additions with deepness, and the procedure is non every bit flexible as the unfastened H2O dyers rocket as the connection subdivisions should suit the enclosed chamber. ( Akers, 2012 )To depict the procedure of Manual Arc Welding, the work that is traveling to be welded should be straight connected to the positive side of the electric circuit via overseas telegrams. Sometimes the Earth overseas telegram incorporates more than 1 connexion in order to obtain the best circuit continuity for the land. A flux ( plus H2O proofing ) electrode is connected to the manus held holder via another overseas telegram which are connected to a power welding coevals beginning. When the tip of the electrode touches the work piece, the current discharge from the spread and causes a flicker which melts the base metal and the electrode organizing a dyers rocket puddle.Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktopwelding-circuit.gifComparing both diagrams we can detect some going aways. For the moisture procedure, DC current, a knife switch and dual insularity overseas telegrams are required. The mutual opposition is -ve, whilst the circuit is fundamentally the same.As the discharge is moved off from the work piece, the pool solidifies and the articulations are fused together. This welding pool is controlled by changing the current which flows through the discharge being produced and by altering th e electrode diameters. Typical temperatures are those of 5000C. by such a procedure a consequence of metallurgical bonding is achieved through the work piece. At these elevated temperatures, metals are active and if it comes in contact with air it rusts immediately and the mechanical belongingss of the joint fail. For such a ground the discharge welding provides agencies of screening to the dyers rocket pool ( gas, scoria ) . This is known as metallic discharge shield and is accomplished by the flux covering the electrode nucleus. The scoria produced as the pool cools and solidifies has its map to minimise contact of dyers rocket to air until temp lessenings.The discharge creates a little pit formed inside the flux. This is for the flux to fire slower than the metal barrel i.e. helping in the protection and control of the metal sedimentation that leave the electrode. For the welding procedure this is a critical in order to keep a changeless discharge and weld articulation. Even in hapless under H2O visibleness, the frogman needs to maintain force per unit area on the electrode to keep a changeless good provender rate. In under H2O welding in is really of import to advert that the discharge behaves otherwise than it does in air. In H2O gas bubbles are a really of import factor as these create an unstable discharge for good welding conditions. In concurrence with this, it is much more hard to command the dyers rocket puddle. The frogman must put currents by test and mistake depending on the Waterss conditions ( temp, salt, etc ) . Apart from this there is no difference between surface and under H2O welding. ( Kaets, 2000 )Degree centigrades UsersNathanielDesktopshielding-weld-arc.gifWhen compared to other welding procedures Manual discharge welding is normally used because the equipment is comparatively easy to utilize and inexpensive ( compared to other types ) , it is flexible, portable, and ideal for the frogman to utilize in confined infinites, no gas shiel d is required and eventually it is suited for about all sort of metals and metals. Some disadvantages of discharge welding are that the electrode needs to be replaced often ( more exposed to daze ) , the scoria should be removed after the dyers rocket is performed, and the procedure is somewhat slower since the rate of deposition is slower than continuously fed electrode procedure ( Gas Tungsten Arc ) . ( Kaets, 2000 )One last note sing under H2O welding there is a procedure non normally used which features a specially built keeping flannel mullein which sprays a changeless cone made of high force per unit area H2O, with protective gas under force per unit area to insulate the welded are from the H2O during the dyers rocket is performed. Besides a recent development was done affecting under H2O optical maser beam welding. This method is fluid being improved but will shortly be applicable for the offshore industry. ( Clutter, 2012 )

Context of Modernism

IntroductionCONTEXT OF MODERNISM modernity is a set of cultural or aesthetic dashs which associates with the scientific and the exquisite motion which started in the decennary around the First World War and bring in dominated among several motion much(prenominal) as cubism, functionalism and surrealism. Sarup, M. ( 1993 ) . However in computer computer architecture, modernity reacts to the dedication of turn toing new constructions after the two World Wars such as mass lodging of handed-down signifiers and the potency for researching new conditions of toil such as new stuffs and engineering. Le Corbusier and Mies van der Roche were the cardinal influences of modern architecture they took several civilizations and tradition to explicate the impression of modern architecture. Curtis, W. J.R. ( 2001 ) . Modernist have the vox populi that architecture should hold a consequence as being functionalistic, positive, technocentric, and rationalistic with their edifice or urban plann ing. Harvey, D. ( 1990 ) summon 35. In the World War II, Modernism became popular particularly in the joined State where it took on a new life by utilizing different engineerings such as steel compose and glass drape w all in alls for building skyscrapers and suburban office Parkss and shopping centres which were cost-efficient. Ghirardo, D. ( 1996 ) .CONTEXT OF POSTMODERNISMPostmodernism is really equivocal to discover because it has certain elements that relates to modernism. The term originated inside creative persons and critics in the United State in the 1960s and it was distri provideded in the European and other industrial states in the seventiess. However postmodernism is an unstable construct of motion within an beforehand capitalist civilization that argue the ocular attacks in literary unfavorable judgment of art, movie, look and architecture within the semi governmental economic social conditions of the late 20th century. It besides involves the new relationshi p between world and nature. Ghirardo, D. ( 1996 ) .Postmodernist impression of attacks to architecture derived from modernism political orientation of architecture, and it even influences some postmodern pictureers, this is because of their knowledge from preparation and besides their modern methods of buildings but they besides add their new construct to their edifices. Jencks, C. ( 1988 ) . There are three rules that Robert Stern s article portrays to depict the features of postmodernism, the first feature is contextualism, this describes the single edifice as ever a fragment that represents its environment. The 2nd is allusionism , which emphasise the edifice of its historical and cultural facets, and the 3rd is ornamentalism , and this suggests all the walls of the edifice to hold an architectural significance. ( See the work of Robert Stern ) Bertens, H. ( 1995 ) page 59. Postmodernism has besides emerged the classical phase whereby it has influenced certain postmodern des igners like Michael Graves, James Stirling, Norman Neuerburg and even Philip Johnson s AT & A T edifice ( see manikin 1 ) . Jenks emphasise that the Free-Style Classicism determines some features of postmodern architecture which started scarce from the 1980s. ( See the work of Charles Jencks ) Bertens, H. ( 1995 ) page 64.Critic OF POSTMODERNISM ON MODERNIST NOTION OF ARCHITECTUREDavid Harvey argues ab tabu if postmodernism, for illustration, stand for a extremist intermission with modernism, or is it merely a rebellion within modernism against a signifier of high modernism. Harvey, D. ( 1990 ) page 42. This message is to oppugn the architecture of the postmodern motion, Harvey so explains by underscoring that postmodernism has widely identify a interruption with the modernist construct that planning, planing and development should concentrate on the wide-scale, technologically rational and economically urban program which should be strict on imaginations of design with a fun ctionalist perceptual experience of an international manner. Harvey, D. ( 1990 ) .The most influential critic on postmodernism and modernism is Charles Jenks, he portrayed architecture from a lingual point of position as accents in his book The Language of Post-Modern Architecture . Jenks argues that postmodernism architecture is non a interruption of modernism but nevertheless it s seeking to get the better of the political orientation of its architecture non by dropping it but by widening the language to a different degree into a common and commercial but off from tradition. He listed all the old edifices as which had modern features and named them as the ersatz, nevertheless he calls the new edifice as the social pragmatism. Jencks, C. ( 1991 ) page 97. furthermore he pinpoints the exact day of the month for the decease of modern architecture as he reference at 332 autopsy, July 15, 1972 when the Pruitt-Igoe lodging confinement built in 1951 was demolished.Similarly Charle s Jenks explores further the thought of the modernist thought within postmodernism architecture, he argues that postmodern architecture is double coded , this suggest that postmodernism is an eclectic mixture of traditional codifications with modern 1s this shows that modernism is ever atomic number 53 of the codifications that signifiers postmodernism so postmodern architecture has evolve from modernism but it must travel beyond modern manner. thusly postmodernism is to interrupt wholly or drop modernist thought of architecture but has extended it into a different impression. Jenks explores Mies van de Roche who is a modern designer, he argues that the purpose of steel I- beams for edifices are nasty and brutal and has no intent for its users or developers so hence postmodernism has evolve to happen solution of bettering the upon modernism. Bertens, H. ( 1995 ) .The indicant that modernism architecture is rational and severe is because the demarcations and their influence on traditional signifiers and constructs which most postmodern designers see as pass & A eacute , nevertheless when postmodern architect design they contravene to tradition besides when they build their edifices they express it through a modern manner by underscoring on a mixture of different manners. likewise in the description of postmodern architecture Paolo Portoghesi who besides criticise postmodernism argues that postmodern is any edifice that breaks modern constrains of historical manners with common influences. Kolb, D. ( 1990 ) page 88.The limitation of modern architecture on historical influences is one of the chief challenges of postmodernism. Jean-Francois Lyotard a postmodern critic explains that one features of postmodernism is the transform nature understanding in scientific and computerised society, this has gave them progress cognition and engineering to get the better ofing and the rational and severe impression of modernism. Sarup, M. ( 1993 ) . In favor of this, Joseph Fredrick who defended against the International Style s and his ain thought of building explains that modernism in architecture has assorted characters but its onslaught was on its manner, which necessarily postmodernism has taking over. It is the severity of modernism s traditional signifiers which postmodern took the advantage of scientific cognition to interrupt the historical influences and give freedom for designers to plan their edifice. Larson, M, S. ( 1993 ) . The division between modern and postmodern is that modern is restricted whereby postmodern has its freedom to plan. Furthermore modernist impression of architecture as rational and severe to traditional limitation has non been negated by postmodern but it has interpreted and integrated modernist political orientation. However Jencks argue that postmodernism has non become a interruption or dropped the thought of modernist architecture but it has evolve from modernism, and has notice the apprehension of the deve lopment of its clip so they change the way and extended its features to accommodate its epoch. Portoghesi, P. ( 1980 ) . Therefore postmodernism is normally known as the stylistic phenomenon . Ghirardo, D. ( 1996 ) page 8Charles Jenks argues that postmodern edifices in general have made a positive impact in architecture, since the 19th century technological building has made a huge betterment on edifices and has been overly-accurate as with the handmade assortment, this and other factors have become the chief ground for its interruption from modernism. Likewise he argues that postmodernism has taking radically from the construct of how to knowledge edifice place where as modernist to see infinite as something to be shaped for societal intents, they interpret infinite as something independent, to be design harmonizing to originative purposes but non to crush its traditional influences. An illustration is Le Corbusier s Domino edifices ( see figure 3 ) which started modernist devel opment of infinite, nevertheless postmodernism reacted to this by looking for solutions to specify place rather of abstract infinites and to set up the assorted ambiguity of infinites instead than the simple, predictable traditional edifice of modernist architecture. Jenks, C. ( 1990 ) .Le Corbusier s Domino lodging undertakingThere are certain characteristics of modernism which have been positive by postmodernist designers, the spacial thoughts such as superimposed and shallow simple infinites of Frank Lloyd Wright and Le Corbusier. Postmodernist have developed these facets into a more new sort of equivocal infinite with assorted complex elements. Jenks, C. ( 1988 ) .Charles Jencks points out that postmodern architecture have two grounds into strategic technological alteration the first is the modern-day communications have broken the strong modernist involvement of the rational and severe infinites based on map and of societal involvement. The 2nd is the progress engineerings for illustration computing machine patterning which has broken away from traditional restraints and permitted the flexibleness of planing and building. Jenks, C. ( 1990 ) .Postmodernism has non dropped modernist impression of architecture but it has taking certain elements of it such as infinite and even some traditional facets of edifice and developed it into a more complex manner. However it has set freedom from modernist construct that architecture should be severe and sensible. The progresss scientific engineering has aided postmodernism to germinate from modernism. Jenks, C. ( 1988 ) .Michael Graves as a postmodernism designer.Michael Graves was portion of the late-modern motion before he leave the abstract construct attack to the young York Five in 1977 this group consisted of Peter Eisenman, Richard Meier, Michael Graves, and Charles Gwathmey. They introduce an progress technique of planing with figural component , and this has influenced postmodern designers. Schulz, N. ( 1990 ) page 7-8. He so left to fall in other designers such as Venturi, Moore, and Stern who were involve with the paradigm for postmodernism in America. Ghirardo, D. ( 1996 ) .Graves has become one of most influential designers in postmodernism, his construct of fragments have become important to postmodernist designers to plan their edifice in a complex and equivocal manner which contradicts the impression of modernism. Graves has besides adapted postmodern classicalism in architecture such as the Portland Building and the Humana Building ( see figure 4 and 5 ) . Grave has taking the traditional signifiers and manners of classicalism and extended into a postmodern attack by presenting classical skyscrapers. Jenks, C. ( 1988 ) .THE PORTLAND PUBLIC SERVICES BuildingThe Portland edifice ( see figure 4 ) was a really important municipal edifice within its epoch, which was begun in 1980 in Portland Oregon, this undertaking provoked modernist designers because it was one of the most inspirational edifice in postmodernism. Powell, K. ( 1995 ) . The public edifice is located in the center of the country whereby it had to hold a quality of postmodern landmark, but nevertheless his manner out was to convey back figural signifiers to the edifice to portray the public nature of the context and urban and the internal plan . He used the classical manner of administration by spliting the edifice into three parts which is the base, organic structure and the top.THE HUMANA BuildingDecisionBibliographyBauman, Z. , 2004. Identity conversation with Benedetto Vecchi. London Polity Press.KING, D. A. , 2004. Spaces of Global Cultures Architecture Urbanism Identity. New York Routledge.POWELL, K. , 1994. Lloyd s Building Richard Rogers Partnership ARCHITECTURE IN DETAILS. London Phaidon.POWELL, K. , 1999. Richard Rogers Complete Works Volume One. London Phaidon.POWELL, K. , 2001. Richard Rogers Complete Works Volume Two. London Phaidon.SIEBERT, H. , 2007. The World preservati on A planetary analysis. 3rd edition. New York Routledge.SILVER, N. , 1997. The Making of Beaubourg A Building Biography of the Centre Pompidou, Paris. ( s.n. ) MIT Press.SIMAI, M. , 1990. GLOBAL POWER STRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND WORLD ECONOMY IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY. London Pinter publishing houses Limited.STRELITZ, Z. , ed. , 2005. Tall edifices a strategic design usher. London RIBA Publishing.VALE, J. L. , 2008. Architecture, Power, and National Identity. 2nd edition. New York Routledge.WOODS, N. , ed. , 2000. The Political Economy of Globalisation. New York Palgrave( ANON ) Royal exchange luxury shopping and dining.

Purchasing and inventory system Essay

fundament1.1 Background of the StudyBatang public lavatory Store is a retail business selling dry goods, LPGs, emollient drinks and food that located in Silang, Cavite. It is founded by Yolanda and Eduardo Atienza who started its first operation on 1999. Since its venture to this kind of business, Batang Convenience Store never used any type of record books or computerized governances. The possessor arranges the purchasing ofsupplies by evaluating documents like delivery receipts and purchasing orders, which is time-consuming, tiresome, and inconvenient. The proprietor is not aware if product is no hourlong available or the item is becoming out of stock. If the owner wants to purchase items from the supplier, it must be through with(p) in form of report. Sometimes the owner encounters loss of data due to care littleness. With the companys manual of arms means of evaluating the register and managing the purchasing trading operations, in dead on tar number entries are somet imes made.The Purpose of the Computerized Inventory and acquire clay is to help a company in managing, manageing and maintaining their Inventory as well as generating prerequisite reports and keeping important data safe. The researchers of this study entrust cook a new purchasing and inventory system for the business using Visual Basic.Net and Microsoft SQL Server software. With this system, the evaluation of inventory and management of purchasing operations ordain become more organized, and thus easier. In this manner, wrong foreplays will be avoided, and the checking and organizing of items will be more accurate.1.2 Statement of Problem1.2.1 General ProblemBatang Convenience Store encounters problems such as in and out of product from the stock room are not right-hand(a)ly monitored by the purchasing clerk.Availability of their products is less supervised by the owner that consumes a lot of time by checking each item manually. gracious errors in writing reports, miscoun t of products and tallying of inventory is time-consuming and tiresome due to the nonexistence of record books or computerized system.Purchasing Reports and Documents are also unavailable, hence purchasing processes takes too long and it whitethorn affect the boilersuit productivity of the business. Manual process of evaluating, inventory, and managing the purchasing operations by the owner leads to inaccurate entries of data. The lack of proper record keeping also causes the lost of applicable data.1.2.2 Specific ProblemsThe proposed system intends to answer these following problems In and out of product is less supervised,Time-consume and tiresome tallying of inventory records,Purchasing processes takes too long, by manually writing each item,Inaccurate entries of data due to manual process of evaluating, inventory, and managing the purchasing operation and Loss of relevant data due to the nonexistence of record books or computerized system.1.3 Objectives of the Study1.3.1 Genera l ObjectiveThis study aims to develop a computerized Inventory and Purchasing System for Batang Convenience Store. The system will help the business in producing accurate reports, improve transactions and provide a more convenient process for the owners /manager and staff. They gage also serve their customer in a fastest way and accurate w/out any problem occurs.1.3.2 Specific ObjectivesThe following specific objectives must be deliver the goods to meet the General objective of the proposed system To develop a system that will help the purchasing clerk to monitor the products in the stock room, To generate a system that will helpto lessen the encumbrance of the store owner in tallying inventory items, To create a system that back end help the owner to have faster way of ordering products, To create a computerized system that will help the owner to create evaluation inventory and manage purchasing operation. To develop a system that will automatically keep all the transaction r ecord by updating and putting security measure such as password and backing up of files.1.4Signifi rear endce of the StudyThe Purchasing and Inventory System is one of the fundamental factors to have a successful and profitable business. If the system is not well organized and stable, the business may not be able to meet the target profit in a given intent of time. This study will be beneficial to the followingThe company, interviewed by the researchers, will be able to monitor the status of materials needed to be purchase on a given period of time. Data inputs will produce an efficient output to be used as basis for making decisions. The owner tummy easily generate an automated approval report and can monitor the stock with ease and efficiency. Purchasing Clerk can do the processing of order, preparing the purchase order (PO) and monitoring of order status, the Stockman can do the inventory of items easily, and theSupplier will have a lesser travel time to get the leverage Order (PO) from the company. Future Researchers can utilize the results of the study as basis or acknowledgment when conducting their own research about Inventory and Purchasing System.1.5Scope and LimitationsThe researchers of this study will use Visual Basic.Net unitedly with Microsoft SQL Server to develop the system. The proposed system will have three (3) level accesses, one for the owner, one for the manager, and for the Stockman. The owner/manager will have the access to the following mental facultys The Purchasing Module This is where the owner/manager approves the Purchase Order (PO), Purchase pick up (PR) and in this staff the owner/manager can cancel the transaction processing. The Inventory Module The owner can view the status and movement of the stocks in this module. The owner can also add, edit or deactivate items using this module. The Reports Module In this module the manager can see the Purchase Order (PO), Purchase Request (PR) and Inventory Reports.The User Accou nt Module In this module you can add, edit, search and read data that is recorded The Administrative Module This is for the users account creation and editing. The Supplier Module This is for owner/manager can view the companys current suppliers, add and deactivate suppliers and in this module the manager can also edit the dilate of the supplier. The Purchasing Clerk will have the access on the following modules Purchasing Module where the input of ordered items, purchase order, purchases Request is being made. Inventory module where stocks can be viewed.Report module in this module the purchasing clerk can see the Purchase Order (PO) Reports, Purchase Request (PR) Report and inventory Reports. The Stockman can only access the following modulesInventory module where the stock raiser can report the new products in the inventory and the status of the stocks. Report Module In this module the stockman can only see the Inventory reports. There will be three (3) workstations in the prop osed system for the Purchasing Clerk, the Owner and the stock room. The workstations will be entanglemented through UTP cables and a switch. We also added a Network Printer which is connected to theManagers Computer for printing Reports and Documents.LimitationThe proposed system will concentrate mainly in solving the problems that the company experiences concerning their Purchasing and Inventory System. Some limitations that the proposed system baron encounter are the following Power interruption due to power failure,Exclusion of auditing and transaction of sales, andThe network is not connected to the Internet.Our Proposed System will not run in other Operating system environment besides Windows.HIPO