The Debate On The Minimum Legal Drinking Age - 2364 Words

The Debate on the Minimum Legal Drinking Age There has been a debate going on about the minimum legal drinking age, or â€Å"MLDA†. Some people believe it has no impact on our youth, and should thus be lowered to the standard age of adulthood, age 18. They refuse to acknowledge the true significance of this law, however, and continue to see it as a futile attempt to control the inevitable. Yet in reality, having an MLDA of 21 has many benefits, and stands for a healthier view of alcohol consumption, regardless of the way people perceive it. It is for this reason, that the minimum legal drinking age should not be lowered to age 18. Opponents of this ideal, claim various arguments in support of their opinion. For example, state Rep. Richard Marron states that, â€Å"It just doesn t sit right with me that people [at the age of 18] have the right to do everything else, including serve their country, but don t have the right to consume alcohol† (Chiappetta, Should Drinkingâ € ¦). Those who agree with this, argue that legal adults (individuals who are 18 and older) should have the right to determine their own choice regarding alcoholic consumption, versus having the government force a decision on them. What these individuals must realize is that having the MLDA set at age 18 is not a constitutional right. According to procon.org, â€Å"A US district court ruled on Dec. 22, 1978 that MLDA 21 is ‘reasonably related to a state objective of reducing highway crashes’†. This court also stated that,Show MoreRelatedMinimum Legal Drinking Agre1173 Words   |  5 PagesThe legal age of adulthood in the United States for most purposes is 18. At the age of 18, a person enters the realm of adulthood and is assigned the rights and responsibilities associated with this legal status. For example, an 18 year old can legally sign a contract and is bound by the terms and conditions of the contract. An 18 year old can marry without parental consen t, serve on a jury, and vote in state and federal elections. An 18 year old who is charged with a crime is not tried in theRead MoreThe Minimum Drinking Age Act1692 Words   |  7 PagesNational Minimum Drinking Age Act. This act stated that all states must raise their minimum drinking age to 21. Individuals under the age of 21 would now be prohibited from purchasing or being in public possession of any alcoholic beverage. Though not every state was keen on this idea, they all jumped to raise the minimum drinking age due to the government threat that they would lose up to 10% of their federal highway funding if they ignored the request. However, since the National Minimum Drinking AgeRead More The Drinking Age Should NOT Be Lowered Essay1006 Words   |  5 Pagesto lowering the minimum legal drinking age. Choose Responsibility, a group founded by John McCardell, proposes that upon completion of a 40 hour course to educate young people about alcohol, 18, 19, and 20 year old peopl e should be licensed to drink. The Amethyst Initiative, part of Choose Responsibility, is a petition to Congress to rethink the minimum legal drinking age. Several college leaders have signed this petition in the belief that lowering the minimum legal drinking age will reduce bingeRead MoreKeeping The Minimum Drinking Age864 Words   |  4 Pages Keeping the Minimum Drinking Age In 1984, the United States’ federal government passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. Under this act, the federal government gives highway funds to States that forbid people under the age of twenty-one years old from â€Å"purchasing or publicly possessing alcoholic beverages†(23 U.S.C.  § 158). The incentive created a sense of a standardized minimum drinking age when legally there cannot be a federal minimum drinking age. Even though this Act has been in effectRead MoreLowering the Drinking Age from 21 Would be Irresponsible Essay577 Words   |  3 PagesLowering the drinking age from 21 would be irresponsible. People argue that lowering the drinking age is not smart because most youths still have not yet reached a mature age to handle alcohol. Teens that include themselves in an unsafe environment are likely to endure in self-harm and encounter in binge drinking. The Alcohol Policy Information System says, â€Å"Annually, about 5,000 youth under the age of 21 die in incidents due to underage drinking† (â€Å"Drinking†). I believe the drinking age should notRead MoreShould The Minimum Drinking Age Be Lowered?1138 Words   |  5 Pagesincludes teenagers. Many on-going debates have flagged this question whether drinking should be lowered to eighteen or not? Citizens have gave details regarding the affirmative and negative views of the minimum drinking age be lowered to eighteen. Do you think that it is wise to lower the minimum age? Would you look at the negative and positive impacts? Is it more important to give our citizens these full rights? Currently, in the United States the legal drinking age is twenty-one. But as we all knowRead MoreIs it Right to Lower the Drinking Age?1070 Words   |  4 Pagesissue. My question is, â€Å"Why should we lower the legal drinking age†? Current proposals to lower the minimum legal drinking age to 18 would have some benefits like increasing revenue for bars and liquor store s. However the risks surpass the benefits. Many people think that if you’re 18 you’re portrayed as an adult, you’re old enough to serve your country, vote, and make your own decisions. In some cases this could be true, but lowering the drinking age would be way too risky for themselves and othersRead MoreThe Generations Of People Who Were Born After 1984 Have1284 Words   |  6 Pagespeople who were born after 1984 have only known the minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) to be 21 years old. But, it was not so long ago when the minimum legal drinking age was 18. In 1984 Congress passed the MLDA Act as a result of the rise in drunk driving accidents involving teens and alcohol related deaths. This Act ultimately made the states raise their MLDA to 21 from 18 for fear of losing federal highway funds. There have been many debates about it and whether or not it should be lowered againRead MoreKeeping The Minimum Drinking Age880 Words   |  4 Pages Keeping the Minimum Drinking Age In 1984, the United States’ federal government passed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. Under this Act, the federal government gives highway funds to States that forbid people under the age of twenty-one years old from â€Å"purchasing or publicly possessing alcoholic beverages†(23 U.S.C.  § 158). The incentive created a sense of a standardized minimum drinking age despite the fact that legally there cannot be a federal minimum drinking age. Even though this ActRead MoreChanging the Minimun Legal Drinking Age in the United States1745 Words   |  7 PagesChanging the Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the United States Over the past twenty years the minimum legal drinking age has been twenty-one in all US states, but that has not stopped citizens of the United Sates from attempting to lower the age. Following the end of prohibition in the United Sates during the Great Depression, all states agreed on a set of twenty-one to be the legal drinking age. For almost forty years there was no change in the drinking age until a decrease in the age for voting occurred

Special Education Classification Is Important For Teachers...

In order to effectively plan any instruction, it is important for teachers to know their students. Two vital aspects of this knowledge include students’ academic background and their home circumstances. Things like home language or special education classification can affect students’ academic performance in very obvious ways. Much of this information is normally made available to general education teachers through a student’s records, and ESL and Special Education teachers each have their own screening and evaluation processes to help gather more information about these statuses. These evaluation processes consist of past schooling experience these students have had and how much of their schooling they actually remember. Teachers should know what the students know to better plan for future instruction. Students need instruction that provides new information but also is not past the zone of proximal development, meaning the tasks are not too difficult for studen ts to accomplish even with scaffolded support. There are a number of strategies teachers can use to find out what their students already know. One helpful strategy is to ask students about their previous school year at the beginning of a new one. By finding out where they went to school and what they liked best about it, teachers can find out a lot about what sort of curriculum they experienced and what subjects they might remember more about. Additionally, before the start of a unit, teachers can give students aShow MoreRelatedIntro to Intellecutal Disability1110 Words   |  5 Pagesit is important to explore the subject with people that work with students of ID. The (SPED) special education team placed together for a student in order to determine the students individual education plan (IEP). This SPED team consist of: Special Educator: Mr. Richard Franklin, General Educator: Ms. Rama Smith (Spelling, Literature), Speech Therapist: Mrs. LuDonna Martin, Principal: Mr. John Dento n, Community Organizer and Retired Teacher: Mrs. Nelda Clements and I as the Special Education AssistantRead MoreChallenges of Teaching Students with Ebd1237 Words   |  5 PagesChallenges of Teaching Students with EBD Laura Shupe Grand Canyon University: SPE-558 January 23, 2013 Education is an important factor of life that is a foundation of intellectual development and intelligence that shapes the futures of all students. There are students with disorders and disabilities who display hardships and delays in education that require different approaches and special teaching strategies. Students with emotional and behavioral disorders are a group of students that requireRead MoreEmotional And Behavioral Disturbance ( Ebd )943 Words   |  4 Pagesextreme behaviors of fighting, cussing, hurting oneself or extreme disobedience. According to the Idaho State Special Education Manual, â€Å"The Student has been documented exhibiting characteristic consistent with the required IDEA criteria by one or more of the following: school psychologist, licensed psychologist, psychiatrist, physician, or certified social worker.† It is also important to note, these behaviors or characteristic must have lasted for longer than 6 months and are happening in moreRead MoreChallenges of Teaching Students with Emotional/Behavioral Disorders1735 Words   |  7 PagesEmotional Disabilities and Strategies to Teach Individuals with EBD Karen Moeller, Instructor May 9, 2012 Challenges of Teaching Students with EBD, P. 2 Challenges of Teaching Students with EBD There are many challenges presented to the education system in teaching students with EBD. Many of these challenges are related to the interpretation of the definition of EBD itself. This paper will address the many challenges of teaching students with EBD including a discussion of the definitionsRead MoreSupporting For Children With Disabilities874 Words   |  4 Pagesthe 1999 revisions now children with disabilities get the special education they deserve. Children with disabilities now get the education to help them become independent, help them get the resources they need to become adults. In 1975 it was called the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, children with disabilities now can receive special education. Back then half of the children with disabilities didn’t receive the right education and 1 million was excluded from public school. The law onlyRead MoreTechnical and Tactical Classification of Games and Physical Activity1324 Words   |  5 PagesTechnical and Tactical Classification of Games and Physical Activity Objective The objective of this study is to analyze the technical and tactical principles of play for the major sport classification together with the different methods and instructional approaches. Introduction The work of Dyson, Griffin and Hastie (2004) entitled Sport Education, Tactical Games and Cooperative Learning: Theoretical and Pedagogical Considerations states that many educators hold the belief that studentsRead MoreThe Assessment Span Across All Classroom Settings975 Words   |  4 Pagesclassroom settings; whether it is a general education classroom or a special education classroom, assessment always seems to be a vital part of teaching. There are several types of assessments used across the field of education, including formative and summative. Therefore, there are different ways to approach assessments in every classroom. I believe that assessments are used to guide instruction in the classroom and also to improve student achievement. Teachers can use assessments to determine how muchRead MoreLegal Disabilities Law1727 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: HISTORY OF SPECIAL EDUCATION LAW According to National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), an IEP, or Individualized Education Program, is â€Å"a written statement for each individual with a disability that is developed, reviewed, and revised in accordance with Title 42 U.S.C. Section 1414(d).† (NAEP Glossary) Each source I studied stressed the concept of â€Å"individualized† plans because each program is tailored to specifically meet the needs of that particular student throughRead MoreWhat Does Inclusive Education Means? Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesinclusive education mean for me as a teacher in 2014 and beyond? â€Å" In first being able to define inclusive education, it is necessary to understand the diversity of the student population. Disability comes in my varying forms and can be physical, sensory, intellectual, mental health and emotional, developmental, and non-visible (e.g. asthma). If disability was the only agent to consider in the diversity scenario things would be easier for teachers but there are a number of other classifications of studentsRead MoreAn Evaluation Of Intervention ( Rti ) Is An Assessment And Intervention Model788 Words   |  4 Pageswere only referred for the assessment of special education eligibility once they were left behind, or completely failing in school. This method worked to ensure that failing students would eventually end up receiving services, however once they were finally identified, it was often too late. Now, RTI supports all students in the general education system, working alongside the special education procedures, and the data from RTI can be us ed in special education decision making and eligibility (Brown-Chidsey

Cricket merits Demerits free essay sample

Cricket: Cricket was first played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, it had developed into the national sport of England. The expansion of the British Empire led to cricket being played overseas and by the mid-19th century the first international matches were being held. The ICC, the games governing body, has 10 full members. The game is most popular in Australasia, England, the Indian subcontinent, the West Indies and Southern Africa. Yes, cricket is the most popular sport in the region of South Asia these days. Although, at world level cricket is second most popular, before football, but in South Asia it’s the first most. Below are some points why cricket has become more popular than any other games in India. †¢Cricket is a game played between 10 to 12 nations across the world and is thereby relatively insignificant in terms of the country’s image in sports. And yet it gathers all the media attention in India. This results in other sports not being in lime light which is the root cause for lack of interest in other sports amongst youngsters. There are 4 dedicated channels for cricket but not a single one for Hockey which is the national sport of India. †¢Due to media hype for cricket, all the sponsors are more inclined for sponsoring a cricket player or a cricket tournament rather than Tennis, Badminton or even Athletics. In light of lack of sponsors players find it difficult to get high quality training because the government infrastructure is practically non-existent. Lack of sponsorship for tournaments for sports other than cricket means that the prize money is also low which makes the other sports less lucrative for youth across the country. †¢Cricketers earn a way lot through endorsements and this promotes the youngsters to go for cricket even when they are good in other sports. The glamour and limelight that cricket attracts, adds to it further. †¢The partial meted out to other sports by government is another reason why all the other sporting disciplines have remained in the doldrums in the past few decades. It is only recently that the state and central governments have started paying attention to rewarding sportspersons, felicitating them and developing infrastructure for them. While cricketers are showered with rewards every time they achieve something significant, other sports do not get similar treatment. Some of the points that can be said against the motion are: †¢Cricket has earned its spot in media through consistent performance over the years. When India started defeating Europeans and others in their own game, the game won the hearts of millions and started developing a strong fan following. The love for cricket did not happen in a day but has been nurtured by the consistent efforts of the players who play this game. †¢It is the competitive nature of the Indian team every time they are on the field which makes people follow cricket even when it is one of the sport which lasts the longest in terms of a single game. Saina Nehwal shows similar spirit every time she is on the court and she has also helped in developing a strong support for Badminton. It is sort of a â€Å"chicken and egg† problem. Good performance will give rise to public interest in a particular sport. †¢BCCI the governing body for cricket manages and also earns the credit for the mass popularity of the sport. If all other sports organisation shows similar management skills and dedication for their sport, other sports will be at par with cricket as well. A good strategy and consistency in maintaining it has made Cricket what it is today in India. †¢BCCI not only helps in promoting cricket but makes special effort to encourage other sports by providing funds for infrastructure as well sponsoring sportsman from other sports. So it is better to look at what cricket is doing to help other sports rather criticise its effort to won so many hearts. †¢Cricket is a nation uniting game and has achieved what other sports haven’t achieved. The legends like Kapil Dev, Tendulkar have brought laurels for the country and this is the reason why Cricket is so famous today and deserves its share of popularity. †¢A good conclusion will be in which you can say that though cricket has taken the share of media and finances from other sports but it has earned its spot. It is now the time to look at places where other sports are lacking and it should be the duty of the government to concentrate its effort on developing a sporting culture which is not biased to cricket or to one individual sport. Here are the rankings of the Indian teams in terms of the popularity of the sport in the country: 1) Cricket (ranked 3) 2) Football (ranked 139) 3) Hockey (ranked 11) 4) Badminton (11th best couples team) 5) Tennis (114) The first reason, in my opinion, is tremendous performances in cricket and poor performances in other sports. This leads to reduction in the interest of people in other sports and this makes cricket worth watching. In South Asia four cricket teams are playing at international level, Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. Three out of four are World Cup holders. As hockey is considered to be the national game in Pakistan and India but its performance graph went down. We don’t see any other prominent name in squash after Jansher Khan and Jahangir Khan in Pakistan. Similarly, in India all popular players with distinguish performances are only from cricket, not from other sports. Even the Indian hockey team couldn’t qualify for Olympics. Although, Rugby is becoming popular in Sri Lanka but it could not reduce the popularity of cricket there. Recently, we saw Asam-ul-Haq (from Pakistan), Bhupana and Sania Mirza (from India) doing well in tennis but their charisma and per formance is also not up to that mark that they could snatch the popularity from cricket in South Asia. The second reason is that cricket has a dramatic and unpredictable ending that most of the time the winning team loses the match and the losing team wins, which makes it so interesting and grabs the attention of spectators. The most memorable example of this is the sixer of Javed Miandad at the last ball in Sharjah Cup in 1985 against India, which turned the tables in favour for Pakistan and India lost the winning match. Similarly, in the 1999 World Cup Bangladesh did upset by defeating Pakistan who was the favourite at that time. Such a match ending situations made cricket popular at large. Thirdly, cricket is being shorter and faster day by day. This, I think, is also playing a vital role in its increased popularity? In the beginning, this was a five day game, people had to wait for five days to get result and sometimes the match used to end without any result (draw). This was quiet boring and unattractive. Then One Day International games was introduced which made cricket fast and interesting. Now twenty20 game has been  introduced at international level. This is faster, interesting and entertaining which grabbed the popularity at world level but hugely in South Asia. As there have three twenty20 World Cups been and two of them were won by South Asian teams (India and Pakistan). The most recent event which made an immense impact on popularity of cricket is not only in South Asia but also all over the world is IPL (Indian Premier League). This amazing idea, conceived by Lalit Modi (Vice President of Board of Control for Cricket), also dragged Bollywood towards cricket that they invested their huge money in buying the most talented and popular players from all over the world. People became so crazy about this sport that they started paying more attention on IPL rather than taking interest in their national team matches. IPL cricket became not only more popular and entertaining but also a highly money involved sport in South Asia as compared to any other sport. Now a days, cricket players have become the role models in this South Asian region. People idealize them and follow them religiously as compared to other sports persons. This is why every product company wants them to endorse their product, in order to which they offer them a huge amount of money and they are the highly earned sport persons. They are on every channel at every bill board, this is another reason of increased popularity of cricket.

It is important to note too that throughout an ath Essays - Sports

It is important to note too that throughout an athlete's career, an injury can be traumatic and life threating. The effect an injury has on an athlete is the psychological pain, as has been noted epidemiological reports of sports injury confirm a high incidence of injuries occurring at all levels of sports participation, ranging in severity from cuts and bruises to spinal cord injury. The psychosocial dynamics accompanying sports injury should be known to ensure psychological recovery, an important aspect in reha bilitating the injured athlete. Internal and external aspects are lost , feeling alienated from society as you can be playing the sport that one love. The depression occurs of many anticlimactic of a person changes. Throughout the existing paradigms of society, sports injuries have affected the health of someone's well-being as it can reform a person from forming to their full capabilities. Athletes tend to feel alone and start to feel like they are on their own in this situation where they cannot do what they were used to doing on a d aily basis. Athletes are force to have a mindset where they restrict a number of calories intakes to the usual amount to starving to death. They tend to have major setbacks, as many injuries range from the weeks of recovery or a life and death situation where you may never be able to play that certain sports. Certain injuries are life threating, life changi ng, or career ending. Athletes realize the setbacks that may occur when having an injury that forces them to rethink about the sports they pla y or are risking their life for a sport. In hindsight, there is a problematic factor were an injury affect people for s eeking treatments as they do not want to feel ashamed of having suffered a minor injury where they don't want to tell the sports doctor or medical assistance how minor their injuries are when it leads to major injury later o n. The injury setback can be damaging as experience is not improving , but rather regressing. Perceptions about setbacks can have significant negative ramifications on all aspects of the rehabilitation. As many people have been through some traumatic injuries were they have lost or endure severe pain as people are facing challenges with sports injuries. Throughout history, the effects of major Sporting injuries are sometimes short-term, but many athletes suffer the effects of their injuries well after they have retired. It states, " In many cases, well-known athletes have had their playing careers end prematurely due to major injury. Due to the nature of the sport, athletes will face with the possibility of becoming injured. Empirical research has demonstrated that injury has a psychological impact on athletes CITATION Ann99 \l 1033 (Ann and Barry) ." Indeed, athletes respond to injuries as alienating themselves, depression, anxiety, and frustration. Isolation due to injury can cause distress for an athlete. Injury prohibits you from training with teammates and playing matches. This separation can cause disassociation. Motivation to work to recover will be lost causing the injury to last longer. It states, " Along with this experience of isolation may come an unwanted feeling of envy of those who are healthy and able to continue participating in their sport or activity. Envy is an uncomfortable emotion and is often accompanied by shame or guilt CITATION All13 \l 1033 (Allison) . " Anxiety can lead an athlete to be impatient. The desire to return to action can make an athlete believe they are sufficiently recovered when in fact they are not. This leads to further injury and more time out. It is uncommon for those that suffer from a major sports injury to start experiencing greater levels of fear when they participate in the sport. " In juries are painful, and once one know n's that an injury cannot be easy to cope with in the future. This fear exacerbated by the natural anxiety you have any time you participate in a competitive or daring sport CITATION Ste11 \l 1033 (Stephen) . " The amount of pressure put on the athlete not to reinjur e is difficult for them not to f eel that anxiety that leads athletes to

Search for my Tongue comparison Essay Example

Search for my Tongue comparison Essay Example Search for my Tongue comparison Essay Search for my Tongue comparison Essay From reading both of the poems I can see that both of the poems describe how they have either lost or are losing part of their identity. Identity can mean anything from our age, gender, race, personality, religion, social position, language or even personality. Identity is either what makes a person different from other people but some elements of your identity might make you the same as other people such as your nationality or religion. Some of our identity can be set at birth and cant be changed in anyway this could be race. Whereas other elements such as social position can continuously change throughout your life. Some changes in or identity we welcome and some we dont. Both of these poems explore changes in their identity. In Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan the young female is telling us how she is changing in the way that she lives and dresses whereas in Search for My Tongue the poet I telling us how she is losing her identity by the loss of her first language. These two poems are laid out quiet differently, although they both use variable line length. In Presents from Pakistan the lines start all over the place and there is no certain point at which they have to start. In Search for My Tongue all the beginnings of the lines start at one place this is because the poem is left justified. This gives Search for My Tongues a stronger rhythm than it would have if it wasnt left justified, whereas Present from my Aunts in Pakistan gives us a feeling that she is confused and doesnt know where to start. I dont feel as if either of the poems have a rhymes this is because they do not contain rhyming couplets or any rhythmic devices. Presents from My Aunts In Pakistan seems to be much more like a conversation with either herself or with a close friend, but Search for My Tongue seems much more like a letter of complaint. In the case of Search fore My Tongue the poet uses her mother tongue and Cyrillic writing and English character in her language. This emphasises both of the tongues. In Presents form My Aunts in Pakistan she is often putting the adjective after the noun. This defers from the standard English language. In both of the poems there is lots of punctuation missing. Both of these poets dont feel as if the punctuation is really important to emphasis the problems about their identity. Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan tells us where she comes from whereas Search for My Tongue dont tell us where she came from and leaves it a mystery. The words used in the poem Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan are more vibrant than words used in the poem Search for My tongue. This is intended to give you a mental image of the clothes and the place at which as is living in. In Search For My Tongue the words tend to be darker and angrier this is so we can understand how she is feeling. Your mother tongue would Rot, Rot and die in your mouth as you can see these words are powerful and meaningful this is show we draw attention to what she is saying. Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan explores the theme of identity and places remembered, but Search For My Tongue explores the theme of identity through language and continues to use an extended metaphor throughout the poem by talking about a flower blossoming in her mouth when she is able to speak her mother tongue and explain how a flower dying in her mouth is what it feels like when she in un-able to speak with her mother tongue. Search for My Tongue uses cultural-specific words separate from the rest of the standard English used in the poem. This is to make sure that we pay more attention to the poem and try to understand why she has done it. In Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan she uses the cultural-specific words all over the place as if she doesnt know she is doing it and she expects you to know what the words mean already. An example of this would be Salwer Kameez which would mean nothing to a young English person but means a traditional garment to the people living in Pakistan. In the poem Search for My Tongue the words Spit It is a slight use of assonance, but there is no other in this poem. There is a miner use of alliteration in Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan such as Satin-Silken and Costume Clung. This makes these words stand out from the rest catching out eye. Neither of these poems contain personification. The feelings of the authors of the poems are similar in the way that they are sad about the loss of part of their identity. Search for My Tongue is asking the reader if she thinks they are to blame because she has lost part of her identity and isnt who she once was . This comes across to me as if she is saying How would you like it if this had happened to you?. She is very angry and doesnt blame herself for what has happened to her. The poem Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan is a much friendlier. It is like she is looking for help and is explaining her problem to us hoping that we can help her. Presents from my Aunts is explaining the situation. This means that all she is doing is talking to us but in Search for My Tongue is Telling us. This makes me feel as I am in trouble and that it is my fault for her identity problem. I feel as if the female writing Search for my Tongue is older than the poet who has written Presents From Aunts in Pakistan. This is due to the language used to write the poem and how the two poets express the way in which they feel about their situation. Both of these poems were interesting and were enjoyable to read. With the poem Search for My Tongue I as able to empathise because I feel the same about me losing my Scottish accent. I feel as if Search for My Tongues has a stronger contrast out of the two poems this is due to the fact that I think the poet is a stronger person and is able to deal with her situation on her own whereas the poet for Present From My aunts in Pakistan is not able to cope with her situation on her own. I felt as if Presents from My Aunts in Pakistan is easier for me to understand due to the language used in the poem. This is because the poet is a teenager like myself and I am able to see where she is coming from about having to were a piece of clothing which she is uncomfortable with. I can understand where Moniza Alvi is coming from because I feel I have the same problem with having to wear a school uniform even If I do not want to. These two poems made me think more about identity, I have learnt that identity can play an important part in our life and that we shouldnt take it for granted because one day you may lose part of it and may never be able to regain it.

Negative Health Effects of Red Meat

Negative Health Effects of Red Meat It has been known for a while that the  saturated animal fat  in red meat contributes to heart disease and atherosclerosis. Recent research also shows red meat is thought to increase the risks of rheumatoid arthritis and endometriosis.  There is good evidence that eating red meat may be a probable cause of colorectal cancer. Processed red meat, like cured and smoked meat, has recently been declared carcinogenic, with strong scientific evidence linking it to cancer. Red Meat: The Good and Bad Meanwhile, according to the American Dietetic  Association, vegetarian diets can significantly reduce the risk of heart disease, colon cancer, osteoporosis, diabetes, kidney disease, hypertension, obesity, and other debilitating medical conditions. While red meat is a key source of protein and vitamin B12 in North American diets, nutritionists explain that properly planned meat-free diets easily provide these important nutrients. In fact, most people probably do not need to eat as much protein as they think they do. Daily protein requirements are relatively modest, and much of it can be found in legumes, nuts, and other foods. Reducing your intake of red meat is also justifiable for environmental reasons. Raising cattle requires a lot of resources, including water, and cows produce a significant amount of greenhouse gases. For some, an alternative could be the consumption of game meat like venison. It is very lean, low in saturated fat, and does not have the negative land use and water consumption issues associated with cattle. Venison can be kept healthiest by using lead-free ammunition. For more information see the World Health Organization  October 2015 Press Release. Edited by Frederic Beaudry.

Special Interests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 5

Special Interests - Essay Example The relationship between political parties and interest groups is also discussed and the clear aims of the interest groups towards the making of policies are outlined. Interest groups also influence the president and the congress in the making of policies. This happens through the employment of lobbyists, most of whom are former government employees. The structure of the American government invites the participation of interest groups at various stages of policy making. Citizens have formed groups and elect representatives in their neighborhoods or cities, and lobby the city council and their state government. Keywords: Interest Group, Political Party, Lobby, Lobbyist, President, Congress, Policy, Policy Making, Legislators, Government 1. Define an interest group, with examples There has been a lot of confusion when it comes to getting the clear understanding of what interest groups are. This confusion occurs when people think that the interest groups are those that are primarily par t of an existing political party, and are politically active. This understanding fails to acknowledge the many numbers of non-membership organizations that are active in politics, like business or law firms that are not affiliated to any political party. An interest group refers to any non-Party organization that involves itself in political activity in order to influence public policy and in turn gain favors. An interest group is usually a formally organized group or association that seeks to influence public policy. The interest groups share a desire of affecting government policies, in order to benefit their cause or themselves. There are examples of interest groups in America like the American Red Cross; inasmuch as it is not political in nature and in as much as some of their time is spent in helping the needy people, some of their time is spent in trying to influence the government (Nownes, 2013). Interest groups are of different categories; there are those that are known as e conomic interest groups whose main aim is on the side of the economy like the business interest groups and public employees’ unions. Also, there is another category known as a public interest group that is concerned with the overall community and national good, rather than the narrow interest of a particular group. Despite the different types of interest groups that exist, they have characteristics that bind them together and make them to be referred to as interest groups (Bardes, Shelley, & Schmidt, 2010). These characteristics are as follows: They are organized. A group is not considered an interest group if it is not organized, this means that it should have a budget, employers, and at times an office (Nownes, 2013). Should not be affiliated to any political party. This means that it should not be formally part of any political party (Nownes, 2013). They are involved in political activity. The main difference between interest groups and other groups is that, the interest g roups are known to lobby, this means that they attempt to influence the government decisions (Nownes, 2013). The following are some of the examples of the major groups that can be termed as interest groups. Profit business firms. These are enterprises that make, buy and sell goods and services for profit. Many of them have an interest in politics and government because the government is involved in policy making, and thus they must look for ways that will ensure that those policies favor them in

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR Term Paper

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR - Term Paper Example Therefore, cultural competency simply entails peoples abilities of understanding the differences between group contexts like in work environments. Thus, organizations are increasingly implementing cultural competency plans with an aim of encouraging a cultural tolerance culture. In particular, this piece of work strives to outline the best way through which an organization can implement cultural competency plan with a deeper search for the different definitions of the concept. There are different definitions of cultural competency, but all of them point to the tolerance of diversity within a group. Kirmayer (2012) defines cultural competency as a group of harmonious behaviors, policies, and attitudes that integrates into an organization, among professionals or agencies and allows for efficient functioning in cross-cultural situations. A deeper definition of cultural competency posits that the concept involves transformation and integration of knowledge about individuals or groups into explicit standards, practices, attitudes, and policies within the appropriate cultural settings (Lie et al., 2011). The transformation and integration increases service quality thus leading to greater organizational performance. A culturally competent individual considers his or her perception of the world and compares it to others. The perception is also important in organizational situations and executives should understand that that different cultural background is what constitutes the universe. On the other hand, cultural competence refers to the act of obtaining particular cultural information and applying the knowledge in the right manner (Lie et al., 2011). Therefore, cultural competency enables all people in the organization to see the real picture about other employees and helps in improving quality of services and business operations. However, acquiring different cultural perspectives and practicing them compels individuals to be

Professional Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Professional Philosophy Essay Kellie Boudreaux kab1631 9/12/13 HLTH-214-S4A (Personal Professional Philosophy) Health is a very important lifestyle choice. It is not only physical but also a mental way of thinking. Being healthy can change ones perspective on life in a positive manner. Health helps you achieve balance and tranquility. Health in general can bring a community together and enforce positive behaviors. I believe health educators can mentor individuals to make choices that would enhance their life style. Health Promotion and Wellness stresses prevention techniques and being conscience of ones state of health. It is valued because it directly affects ones daily lifestyle. Health promotion employees may work from schools, any work environment, or within the community to spread health promotion. As a health promotion and wellness major we should be a role model to the community. We are the example and should â€Å"practice what we preach†. Just with any other profession, a cardiovascular doctor would not promote smoking or anything harmful to the body to cause illness. With this major you can work in many environments such as a hospital, school, community center, and businesses. Health promotion is necessary in all aspects of the community. It is important that a community maintains a healthy value to restrict illness and viruses from spreading. You could serve as a personal mentor to someone who is searching for help with their health. Or you could work for a business promoting healthier lifestyles dealing with their work ethnic. Health education can be both formal and informal. Meeting scenario or classroom environments can be a type of formal education. An informal type of education can be just a one-on-one conversation in a relaxed environment. In the profession you are dealing with peoples health, so you need to be ethical and respect peoples privacy. It is your job to understand and respect peoples health history. Everyones health is equally important no matter of race, age, or social background. As a health educator, I need to always remember each person I work with will have a different attitude and out look on life. Supporting ones health is a major key to lead someone to their healthy life. I must always respect ones background and beliefs. If  they are willing to improve their health then that is what matters. It is our job to highlight the importance of ones health. It is not just going to the gym, it is managing stress and mental prosperity. I believe that health is an important aspect of life. Many things involve mental and physical health. I hope to contribute to individuals well-being by providing healthy lifestyle choices. I want to work with the client and also any outside support systems that would contribute to their success. I believe supporting my clients is an important factor in ones goal set for a healthier lifestyle. Health promotion also involves with an on going relationship with your clients. I believe in being committed and connected with all of my clients in all environments I work with. No only being committed, I also want to be a mentor and role model to show my clients what it takes to live a healthy lifestyle. Each individuals have different plans to manage their health according to their belief system and goals they want to achieve. Teaching my clients how to integrate healthy living into their daily lifestyles will be a goal of mine throughout my future career. I can achieve this goal by establish ing personal relationships and creating a personalized health plan for each of my clients.

One Of The Hardest Things I had To Do - Original Writing :: Papers

One Of The Hardest Things I had To Do - Original Writing As we drove from the peaceful, secluded surroundings of Hertfordshire into the bustling hub of Heathrow's Terminal 4, it suddenly dawned on me how hard it would be for me to carry out this featà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ It was the time I was most looking forward to. We had finally been allowed out of the school gates into our eight weeks of freedom. No work had to be handed in the next day, no teachers would moan how over worked, under paid they were and most of all it was not the winter. After careful deliberation my family and I decided to spend our two-week vacation in the all night city of Paris. We were looking forward to the 35oC weather, the theme parks built inside the over developed hotels and one of the greatest wonders of the world, the Eiffel tower. The hotel we wanted to stay at was called the Jolly Hotel Lotti. This hotel was like no other hotel I had ever seen. Not only did it have its own built in theme park with log flumes, roller coasters and any other ride imaginable but it also had twenty to thirty shops and restaurants all inside. To put it mildly, it was huge! On the 21st August, about a week before we left, we received a letter from the hotel's theme park. It told us that for one day only, they would be offering a free ride on the 'Screamer', for anyone who raised more than  £150 in sponsorship. Only when I watched the enclosed video in astonishment, did I realize what this 'ride' was. It was something I had always wanted to do, but had never managed to convince my parents that it was safe. I found out that it was the first bungee jump that allowed anyone over the age of nine to fly through the air at an exhilarating 80 mph at a g-force of 2.5, so you could understand what my parents' reaction would be to my interest.

Hatshepsuts Reign

The Role of Hatshepsut as a female pharaoh throughout the 18th Dynasty in Egyptian society was vital for the ultimate construction of Egypt as a major imperial power and the overall greatness of Egypt. Hatshepsut’s reign from 1503 BCE to 1482 BCE was one of the most prosperous periods for ancient Egyptian society, the role of Hatshepsut saw a time of great prosperity for the economy and architecture furthermore it was a time of advancement in the arts and of great peace. The great reign of Hatshepsut lasted for twenty-two years, and paved the way for Thutmosis III, who was able to engage in the repossession of the throne. The effective transition from the reign of Hatshepsut to Thutmosis enabled Thutmosis to initiate campaigns of conquest in the East of Egypt, which inturn lead to the establishment of a successful Egyptian Empire. Hatshepsut contributed significantly to the construction of great monuments, temples statues and also other architectural masterpieces, these offerings to Egyptian society again contributed to the greatness of not only ancient Egypt itself but also to the greatness of Hatshepsut and her success as a female pharaoh. Historian David Bediz elaborates that although other female rulers both preceded and followed her, Hatshepsut’s long and prosperous rule made her one of the greatest female rulers of all time; â€Å"She ruled the most powerful, advanced civilisation in the world, successfully for twenty years†¦. Her success stands for all eternity. † The architecture of Hatshepsut was quite unique in a sense that she left her own mark on traditional Egyptian architecture. Historian Naville was quoted â€Å"The works of art from her reign, display the imprint of an individual novel taste, which must be none other than that of the divine being who occupied the Horus-throne† (Naville, 1906) Hatshepsut brought stability to the nation. But by far her defining achievement was her temple at Der-el Bahri known rightfully as the â€Å"sublime of sublimes† (Monet, 1968: p. 23). The construction of the temple took place between 1498 BC to 1483 BC. The following inscription from Der-el Bahri exemplifies her achievement â€Å"When you rest in your building where your beauties are worshipped, Amun Ra, the Lord of the Thrones of the Two Lands, give Hatshepsut life, duration and happiness. For she has made this building fine, great, pure† (Der el Bahri inscription in www. touregypt. net 18/5/04). Her temple would become her defining achievement that in term characterised Hatshepsut’s reign. Hatshepsut’s architectural achievements were the defining characteristic of her reign and therefore were her most important contribution to the greatness of Egypt. Additionally, by Hatshepsut investing money into the beautification of her country, it allowed for a politically stable environment which in term would eventually help Thutmosis III. Although Architecture was Hatshepsut’s defining achievement without a flourishing economy it would not have been possible. Hatshepsut’s reign was phenomenal in the sense that her contribution to the economy by endeavours in trade and foreign relations. This contributed to Egypt becoming a wealthy nation with unrivalled economic power. Her consolidation and injections into the economy would inevitably become the foundation that allowed Thutmosis III to undertake military campaigns of large scale. Naville reiterates the proposed ideas â€Å"her government must have been at once strong and enlightened, for when her nephew Thutmosis III succeeded her, the country was sufficiently powerful and rich to allow him to venture on a succession of war of conquests† (Naville, 1906,). Under Queen Hatshepsut’s reign, trade with foreign countries was expanded, not only with the African lands to the south, but also with the Levant and the islands of the sea. The Queen decided to strengthen the relationships with friendly nations and let hostile Asiatic nations be punished for their ignorance and arrogance. Relations with Byblos flourished again and the turquoise mines of Sinai were reopened. Furthermore Timber from the land of Negau was imported and envoys to the southern land negotiated the trade of metals and precious commodities such as panther and elephants skins with the inhabitants of the Libyan coast. As quoted by Redforde upon Hatshepsut’s trade bolstering â€Å"Hatshepsut was not blind to the need of bolstering Egypt’s economy. Running a close second to the building program were the economic measures, taken by the Queen. Trade with foreign countries was furthered†(Redforde,1967:p. 87). Under Hatshepsut, the state owned the majority of land. The following extract quoted by Spalinger epitomises her reorganisation of Egypt â€Å"From persons who controlled and worked parcels of property the state collected taxes in the form of cattle, grain, wine and other goods the land yielded. Adding to Egypt vast internal revenues was tribute paid from outside. †(Spalinger, 1978) The expedition to Punt characterised Hatshepsut’s reign and personified her internal glory policy. Queen Hatshepsut sent five Phoenician styled ships on a trade expedition that would distill luxuries unparalleled upon Egypt. An inscription from Der el Bahri gives insight on the expedition â€Å"The loading of the ships heavily with marvels of the country of Punt, all godly fragrant wood’s of God’s Land, myrrh resin, with fresh myrrh trees, with ebony and pure ivory†¦ with green gold of Euni, with cinnamon wood, incense, eye cosmetics, with apes, monkeys, dogs and with skins of the southern panther, with natives and their children†(Der el Bahri inscription in Williams, 1994). Hatshepsut’s contribution to the Egyptian economy was so important that it allowed the rest of the Pharaohs of the eighteenth dynasty unrivalled and unlimited economic power. Hatshepsut’s internal development and building programs bought political stability to Egypt and thus allowed way for Thutmosis III’s conquests this and unrivalled economic prowess. Although Hatshepsut prioritized internal development and economic endeavours she was proud of the state of readiness of her army Hatshepsut’s military exploits, although miniscule compared to that of former and future pharaohs who pursued an expansionistic militaristic imperialism policy, contributed to the greatness of Egypt. A naive perspective of Hatshepsut’s reign would express that she undertook no military campaigns and exercised no military prowess but as quoted by Reforde â€Å"clearly that the belief that Hatshepsut undertook no foreign wars is simply untrue† (Redforde, 1967). Although Hatshepsut didn’t pursue an expansionistic militaristic imperialism policy and expand Egypt’s boarders there were two probable reasons for this; she was a women and thus found it rather inconvenient to lead an army of men in the field and secondly the world situation did not call for the use of exceptional military force during her lifetime. Furthermore it could be said that military prowess was not a reflection of political ability and so being that Hatshepsut’s reign brought olitical stability rather the extension of boarders The military had an important role in Hatshepsut’s designs for rebuilding Egypt, she rigidly maintained that â€Å"my troops which were unequipped are well paid since I appeared as King† (Hatshepsut in Redforde,1967). Hatshepsut in her reign undertook at least four campaigns and of one she led in person, although two were lead by her nominal ruler Thutmosis III under her name. Hatshepsut’s four campaigns consi sted of a campaign against Nubia, a mopping up operation in Palestine and Syria and the capture of Gaza and an additional campaign against Nubia both lead by Thutmosis III. Spalinger addresses this matter â€Å"Thutmosis III in the latter of Hatshepsut’s reign lead two campaigns under her name†(Spalinger, 1978). The Nubian campaign that Hatshepsut undertook was a success proving her military prowess and capable leadership, the following graffito depicts her campaign â€Å"I followed the good god, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Makare, may she live! I saw when she overthrew the Nubian bowmen and when their chiefs were brought to him as living captives, I saw when he razed Nubia, I being in her majesty’s following† (graffito in Arkell,1961). At the time of Hatshepsut the Egyptian army was a well organised and highly professional force, this then allowed Thutmosis III able soldiers for his campaigns. Therefore Hatshepsut’s reign is perceived as peaceful, conservative and isolationist and is often criticized but her reign embodies all the elements of a successful military ruler whose main focus was upon internal development. The construction of Egypt as a major imperial power was due to Hatshepsut’s contributions to the greatness of Egypt. Under her reign architecture and the economy flourished. Which allowed for a politically stable environment and unparalleled economic strength from which Thutmosis III used as his launching pad for his conquests. Her military prowess although never forcefully exerted was present. Her reign allowed the best imperialist expansion policy Egypt had under Thutmosis. Therefore Hatshepsut’s reign had the most important contributions to Egyptian greatness than any other of the 18th Dynasty rulers, this mostly is own to her remarkable internal development policies of trade and commerce.

Listo System Essay

Introduction Listo system is a recognize graphic service company which deals with all the graphic related programming having a long successful history. Due to the persistence effort of management, the company got a tremendous achievement in a very short period of time and in early 1990’s the organization become one of the top graphic service companies in the globe. Different factors have encountered the company in different ways. The technological advancement, change in consumers need and demand, competitors are the major components affecting the listo system. The impact of power shifting from the Seller to the Buyer As Listo system has been growing tremendiously in the graphic designing world but the company was not able to cope with the market growth appropriately. The above case shows that company was not able to utilize the Latest technological invention in the best effective way so they are not able to produce the goods and services according to the customer needs and demand. By viewing the lacking in the market, different competitors emerges and occupy the vacuum created by the listo system. Latest technology also helped the competitors for the production of the quality product which met the consumers taste and preferences. This create a extreme competition in providing the quality of goods and product in a reasonable price between the competitors. Today’s customers are so much aware about the quality and price of the product. So, the availability of the substitute product leads to increase in bargening power of the customer and to consume those goods and product which are of high quality with a reasonable price. Employees are the most valuable assets of any company. But the listo Company was not able to satisfy their employees in different aspect. Employees satisfaction and motivation leads to the profit maximization of every business firm. Different training, incentives, rewards, and encourgemnt need to be given for every employees so that they will give every possible outcome to the organization. Listo fails to serve these things but focuses only on the profit and market optimization. Lacking the proper researches relating to the customer’s choice and preferences in the graphic designing field by the company leads company to lose its market share. Similary, a company lacks visionary leadership who can easily trace out all the future possible  problem in advance and prepare the necessity strateg y to strengthne the market leadership. Thus, a company compel to shift their power to the customer. External Factors Affecting Listo System There are various External factors that affect the listo system. They are explained below: Technological advancement The latest invention of different technology helped the listo system very much in different sectors. With the latest technology, they are capable of producing the services in very short period of time using the available resources in the best effective way according to the need of the customer choice. Quality of products can also gradually increases with minimum inputs that will decrease the price of the product can be a market leader. Customers Expectation Customers are the one of the most important factor that affect the listo system. Different factors need to be considered by the listo system inorder to get the customer attraction. Different customers have different choice and preferences to satisfy their need the listo system has to produce such a product that meet the all their expectations. Competitors We cannot control any activities of our compititors but we can build different strategies to cope with the action taken by our competitors. Many competitors have emerged in the graphic designing sector which is creating great competition in the market. This leads the company to provide the best quality products and services to its customers in reasonable price than other. 1. Listo Systems: The Challenge of a Growing Organization Defining the Context Listo Systems, one of the world’s top graphic service companies, was established in the 1990s when technological advancements were increasing and creating a more competitive market. After going through a period of great success and growth, the company decided to hire a number of new employees and adding new layers of managers and supervisors. Defining the Key Issues or Problems The main issue is that Listo Systems has been growing too quickly, and the company has not been able to cope with this growth appropriately. Due to this situation, causal variables such as lack of proper training for new employees, management becoming less concerned with workers’ opinions and more concentrated on production and profit have eroded. As a consequence, there has been a lack of clearness regarding the company’s objectives and goals, and as a result of this there have been intervening variables such as decreasing employee motivation and productivity which provoked personnel turnover rate to increase and amount of sick days taken doubled. Applying Concepts Organizational Level 1: Key Players (Stakeholders) and Business Ideas (Purpose) In this level, â€Å"(†¦) implementing business ideas in the internal and external environment is affected by the stakeholders, key players, or factors whose helping or hindering roles determine success or failure to the organization.† This level involves establishing, refining and monitoring the vision of the company so it can synchronize stakeholders and key players with the business ideas and purpose of the organization.

Achieving social development in the Global South

Achieving social development in the Global South Introduction Everyday arguments are emerging on the status of the present activism. Debates on whether activists display of opinions, street rallies, sits of resistance social movements in the Global South are Via Campesina; mainly concern with matters of agriculture commonly referred to as Family Farmers International, Focus on the Global South, Peoples Global Action; movement constituting youths, Jubilee 2000; created for relieving debts, Friends of the Earth; movement for environmentalist. Theoretical approaches on social and resistance movements Rational choice theory This theory focuses on comprehending social and economic behaviour among individuals. It states that both material and none material incentives drive people to engage in mass actions. Individuals believe in the increased rewards that accompany mass action and penalise those refraining from taking part in collective actions due to lack of personal benefits. Here, free-riders would like to take advantage of the mass b ut do not take part in the mass action (Olson, 1965). In movements and advocacy organisations that are active in the Global South, millions participate with clear missions and objectives in mind. They are aware of the incentives that come with participating in these movements such as justice promotion, change and protection of their livelihoods, cultures, values, as well as community interests. Members of the Via Campesina organisation, a prominent movement in the Global South comprising of indigenous communities, rural women, small scale famers, and agricultural workers enjoy the movement’s advocacy. They enjoy the right of producing food in their own territory, protection of farmers seeds, campaigns of ending brutality against women, as well as worldwide campaign for agrarian improvement. The concept of freeriding does not directly pinpoint an individual’s mental functioning. It focuses on the different manifestations of motivation. Freeriding concept creates a logic al, reasonable, and normal person to give in to other people’s action for social advantage of both self and other parties. These clearly show people’s perception on self-satisfaction to the well-being or utility of others; thus, peolpe support such movements in order to maximise self gains first and then for society as a whole.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Achieving social development in the Global South? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Resource mobilisation theory Theorists such as McCarthy and Zald developed resource mobilisation theory in order to explain mobilisation of individuals to help achieve the goals of a movement (McCarthy and Zald, 1977). They noted that freeriding offered opportunities for people to participate in social movement as a result of motivation, cost and benefit, as well as career benefits (Gamson, 1990). Consequently, people participate in social movement for pers onal resource gains than collective goals. Marwell, and Oliver, 1992 state that resources are the catalyst for mobilisation than social protests (Marwell and Oliver, 1992). These resources include money, offices, communication equipment, volunteer time, media attention, and alliances with those in power. This theory presents participants as reasonable and only act if benefit outweighs costs (Gamson, 1990). In Latin America countries for instance, the social movements mobilise people against free trade, protection of natural resources privatisation and militarisation. Other movements e.g. those based in Middle East are against wars and demand for termination of privatisation of energy resources, and removal of foreign troops from Iraq. Majorities of these movements active in the global south call for human rights, end of violence, and torture. They are also against all forms of racism, homophobic violence, and tirelessly put on permanent fight for feminist struggle for equality. In p ursuit of resource mobilisation, these social movements have successfully managed to protect the small farmers and peasant through rejecting the sale of seeds to large-scale farmers as well as opposing the use of seeds created with terminator technology. They also advocate tirelessly for the public right to education financed through the state. Social movements Habermas observes that social movements depend on socially unaccepted and radical movement methods in enhancing self-reliance and self-determination. Still, they have varieties of unrecognised networks (Habermas, 1990). In other words, they lack centralisation (Rutch, 1998; Melucci, 1996). Social movements rise due to the need of realising changes, promote consciousness among members of society, reinforce identity, and change social relationship in society. Social movements exist as part of community structures, as procedures, practices and strategies to transform community relations and behaviour patterns in order to enhance growth, resources allocation, redistribution, and control of social power and community statuses and resources. Thus, social movements exist as a collective bargaining tool that strives at enhancing a noble cause or creating a social change in society. Researchers who have dwelt on New Social Movements concur that social movement originates out of the desire to challenge and provide alternative to inactive labour movements (Rutch, 1998; Melucci, 1996, Habermas, 1990).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social movement concerns itself with emerging challenges in society, such as protests about consequences of capitalism, environmental degradation, social injustices and advocacy for the rights of women and children. Many authors believe that social movements change materialism and shift between left and right (Rutch, 1998; Melucci, 1996, Habermas, 1990). This is the notion of value shift hypothesis. The current views of value shift hypothesis concentrate on modern models of society such as the post-development society, information age society, and advanced capitalism among others. Elements of social changes such as social, economical, and political, are what theorists use in explaining the concept of value shift hypothesis. These factors change society over a period of time (Inglehart, 1990). The approach of social movement theories from Marxist point of view reveals that social actions emanated from economic changes of the capitalist exploitation and class reductionism. This implie s that creation of class system has it origin in the process of production that views most participants as a part of social movements and economic protests. These are marginalised workers with a collective action but not a part of revolutions. There is a paradigm shift to emerging trends whereby the new social movements highlight new political, ideological, cultural, identity developments as a basis of collective actions. Strategies in advocacy We can refer to strategies in advocacy as long-term, multi-featured approach that mainly cover different and diverse tactics that advocates or activists consider suitable in a context for achieving a given resource, objectives, social and economic transformation. Moyer notes that several activists prefer focusing mainly on tactics that may not help them achieve their goals (Moyer, 1990). He further argues that tactics methods apply the use of normal media system. These activists do this hoping the media channels will air their concerns to rel evant authorities. Consequently, preferred solutions and actions or policy changes occur. However, these approaches have proved ineffective in fighting for social changes. As a result of this, many strategies have emerged to support social movements and advocacy. The traditional models and strategies of advocacy came in two forms. These included self advocacy and one to one advocacy. They were all equal in value and served specific needs (Moyer et al, 2001). Advocacy is a change process that promotes interests of clients, cases, or a community, or a cause or ideal that involves directed, purposive, and intentional change. Advocacy change strategies can vary widely, from direct social action and political action through education and consciousness raising. Hardcastle notes that advocacy and social action are strategies for achieving a given goal (Hardcastle, 2011). Progressive professionals such as Via Campesina, the Focus on Global South, Centre for Third World Organisation, Jubilee 2000, and other concerned citizens use social movement strategies in order to change the status quo. Advocacy can be micro, such as self and individual, client and case, and group advocacy, or macro, concerned with institutional and social cause advocacy. Cause or class advocacy is a form of social action and may be a part of a social movement. These concepts (cause or class advocacy) are the same. There are varieties of techniques used by social workers engaged in advocacy and social reform. In addition, the new communication and information technologies greatly expand the audience for and participants engaged in advocacy. The main difference is that case or individual advocacy, while often leading to larger social action, have individual approach rather than intentionally seeking larger social change. The old approaches in advocacy included group collective advocacy, issue-based advocacy and self advocacy. There are also certain forms of advocacy, such as peer advocacy in which a ll participants share same values and experiences, citizen advocacy whereby members struggle for the rights and privileges of the marginalised people. We also have non-instructed advocacy in which people are free to express their opinions. However, some forms of advocacy have also come up. These may include advocacy through legal experts, religious bodies, workers unions, self-help group, and virtual advocacy among others. These groups are not radical in their approaches and have not fully embraced the title of advocacy. Group advocacy as a strategy in advocacy may originate from other approaches such as case advocacy. Group advocacy is mainly part of a large fight, or a proceeding a social or community movement. Group advocacy is useful in aiding the community acquire awareness and knowledge and skills for self and community struggles for social justice. It is necessary to note that a group advocacy may start with an individual and gradually grows to include other members of the so ciety. For example, Via Campesina advocates for the Global South farmers as individuals. However, it ends up fighting for land rights of the entire community as is the case today where land-grabbing advocacy covers several countries of the Global South such Congo, Brazil, Italy, Indonesia, and Mozambique among others. Occasionally, advocates operate on behalf of scattered individuals who have never met. This is the macro advocacy modalities. In either case, the advocate must get to know each individual, and members of the group, articulate the group situations as the process proceeds, and must be accountable to them. In these cases, most members cannot easily air their grievances. Thus, the advocate has to work through ethical and authority issues. Advocates who represent groups with inarticulate and passive members must consider all the various sub-interests within the group. Otherwise, only members who are present and articulate their issues will succeed. When members of the Globa l South want to fight discrimination, land rights or economic hardship, the practitioner-advocate must fully inform the group of any potential risks, and then encourage the group’s self-determination and follow its lead. This is the best method to advocacy where masses participate. Community advocacy can take many forms and bridge the gap that exists between the micro and macro advocacy approaches. Community advocacy strategy needs community consciousness awareness and public education regarding methods of challenging unfavourable conditions. Most community advocacies occur as a result of demoralising conditions, conditions that cause marginalisation, anger or harm a section or the entire community. Firstly, the advocate might organise activities that enhance or sustain the quality and welfare of the community. Emerging towns in the Global South surrounded by farms or ranches can have street festivals or fairs that attempt to promote social inclusion among them. These occasio ns provide opportunities for enhance their social developments and solve their problems. Secondly, community advocacy often involves efforts to maintain the status quo for a community resisting the waves of modernity. In some areas, there is advocacy for zoning ordinances, for restrictions on development. For instance, Via Campesina has been resisting the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD). It argues that the programme does not â€Å"significantly reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, although it does open the door to the privatization of land, and also rewards polluters, and threatens national sovereignty and the survival of indigenous communities† (Angus, 2010). Thirdly, advocates may demand public access to resources. This is the case in which Via Campesina has noted that peasants are losing their access to land and other natural resources to capitalists. Thus, the organisation is advocating for protection of peasantry. Fourthly, advocat es strive to become accountable to the community. Social movements want to account for inequality such as land rights, gender, and food scarcity that exist in society. Successful social movements result in social inclusion that provides community citizens with justice and dignity. Political leaders and elected city officials and managers can serve as, and often are, community advocates. Virtual advocacy, or more accurately the use of the Internet to advocate, is a widespread and growing phenomenon among social movement groups. Advocacy groups such as the Focus on Global South, Via Campesina and Jubilee 2000, among others can rally their supporters to e-mail political policymakers and provide the supporters with links to the decision makers’ e-mail boxes. This strategy has worked well for MoveOn.org for what it labels virtual marches on Washington and Wall Street, as well as massive e-mail campaigns. Virtual advocacy involves the use of blogs for posting any cause, issue, or c andidate. Hardcastle notes that people can use blogs for public education, persuasion, social marketing, developing virtual networks and mailing lists, and rallying and communicating with supporters. Other authors observe that people can widely use blogs in political campaigns to generate money and voter support. When combined with Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, and the other networking sites, virtual advocacy has the potential to be powerful (Hardcastle, 2011). The challenge is to break through the clutter and not become spam or end up at the bottom of the list of sites. This will require a hit strategy and links with a variety of other sites. Hardcastle points out that virtual advocacy have not been rigorously evaluated (Hardcastle, 2011). Social movement groups and politicians have extensively used virtual advocacy for various purposes. In any case, as with the other components of community practice, it is a crucial skill for advocacy. Butcher notes that the strategy of internal cha nge in society enhances authority and effectiveness for new social movements (Butcher, 2007). Conversely, trends and elements like bribery and self-interest in social movements may inhibit participation of people in advocacy. Thus, the main purpose of social action is raising awareness of issues to provide opportunities for action systems (Butcher, 2007). As per Gamson, there are mainly three collective action models that enhance social action (Gamson, 1990). These include injustice, political process and collective action in society. Advocates use these frames or mode as a basis of justification for their social actions. He further notes that injustice element in society consists of moral unfairness that happens mainly in political situations. He observes that most agencies believe in taking action through a collective social action. Thus, the main reason for advocacy is to counteract unfavourable social changes in society (Hardcastle, 2011). Studies in collective social action sho w that social actions vital concern is to hold people who have power accountable (Hardcastle, 2011). The belief is that social movements enhance insurgency, reform movements, and reforms. They know that modern social actions rely on modern forms of communication such as the Internet and, social media platforms, as well as other methods of campaigning aimed at achieving the desired reforms. This differs with traditional forms of advocacy where limited availability of resources and technology negatively influenced their efforts. Advocates use social action globally with strategies of demonstrations and protests for various reasons. For instance, in Africa and other parts of the Global South, farmers have demonstrated against land-grabbing using social action for fighting for land rights whereas in developed nations, social movements have condemned unfavourable corporate and political globalisation actions. We can see the use of social actions on the streets, media, and Internet among other channels. These approaches function best to enhance social changes and incremental reforms necessary in society (Hardcastle, 2011). The social changes aim at redistributing community resources and social power among the masses. This redistribution of resources has promoted developments in post apartheid South Africa particularly in low income areas. Systems Advocacy and Change Individual, state, national and regional economic investment and boycotts are effective tools for system change. For example, making socially responsible domestic investments or conducting boycotts can help develop grassroots, community-oriented, and self-help organizations. System changes approaches through using various means such as mass protests, strikes, and demonstrations proved effective in the Civil Rights struggle of Americans in the 1960s, and war against apartheid in South African and now in most countries of the Global South. Organisations such as Jubilee 2000, Via Campesina and others have a ttempted on several occasions change the world at various levels such as communities, national and international levels by transforming various societal systems, such as the economic system, the patriarchal family system, and gender roles. These attempts indicate that society desires such changes. However, main challenges to the social order take longer than expected. Individual advocates are crucial in social movements for change. Some of the prominent figures who have achieved social changes through advocacy include Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela among others. Today, people enjoy the sacrifices such leaders made in the past to enhance social equalities. Goodwyn captures what is fundamental about social movements and change endeavours to the people who are part of them (Goodwyn, 1978). Goodwyn refers to populism as a source of self-worth and self-education in social movements. These words describe the aims of many of today’s movements and embryo political par ties. Today’s protestors resist the latest version of a giant industrial engine (capitalism and its consequences). Globalisation and extreme poverty have become part of the public debate because of the insistence of advocates for systems change. These are some of the aspects (negative aspects of globalisation) that global social movements have tried to resist. Large-scale social movements and quests for changes often have scopes of reaching into community advocacy, political advocacy, and systems change. Womens social movements and quests for equal opportunities in societies are excellent cases of large-scales social movements. Women have attempted several approaches to achieve equal representation but with minimal results. They then turned back to their communities and outward to larger systems, seeking other types of equality in terms of jobs, education, insurance rates, and even public sanction regarding the sharing of domestic chores. Most social movements have made funda mental gains in some areas such as respect for human rights, equal opportunities and representation, there are still existing setbacks in communities. These setbacks stem from institutions, and other forms of emerging social trends. The gains made are uneven. However, progress continues. Social movements have resulted into situations whereby we have ethnic minorities, women, and gays in public offices. Why advocacy may fail Research works indicate that advocates who mainly use tactics, such as relying on the media to air the grievances and individual approaches rarely get their desired outcomes or goals (Moyer, 2009; Hardcastle, 2011). The main reason why advocacy may fail is the lack of sufficient information. Thus, it is necessary for advocates to have sufficient information to support a campaign agenda. In addition, advocates must have the necessary advocacy skills and practical knowledge for effective campaign management. Lack of interpersonal relationship skills may also affect the outcome of social movement (Shields, 2009). Advocacy may also not succeed due opponents’ propaganda, deceptions, and bribes. There are cases where advocates may have vested interest and negatively affect the outcome of a movement. Bribes usually inhibit the ability or desire to acts among the advocates (Freddolino and Moxley, 1994). The social and labour movements of the 1960s did not create a base of individuals with the wide range of interests, and achieve results beyond the local level. Instead, these movements put their efforts on issues people could easily defend without support. At the same time, majorities of the leaders did not pay attention to main issues their constituents experienced. Advocacy may also fail due to lack of progressive strategies. This is mainly due to lack of necessary skills in the dynamic field of social issues. Advocates should learn from past experiences and take lessons from previous actions. Scholars also note that some social movements f ail to address ideologies (Freddolino and Moxley, 1994). The inability to focus on necessary issues have affected rendered some social movement organisation irrelevant. These factors undermine initiation of any movement to create a change in society because of disfranchised communities. This means that modern forms of advocacy rely on issues rather than the use of traditional approaches to advocacy. Effectiveness of organisations advocating for communities Organisations advocating for communities have played a critical role in bringing changes to the lives of individuals in the Global South as compared to individual advocacy. In the global south, Via Campesina, an international organisation has fought endlessly for the protection of peasant farmers through protecting the native seed and objecting the sale and use of seeds created harmful technology. Conclusion This work shows that advocacy trends have undergone significant changes, and new methods of advocacies, such as virtual advo cacy, and systems changes among others are evolving. However, action-charged tactics that characterised old advocacies strategies are losing sense of relevant in modern society. Activists are relying on social networks, new knowledge and skills, and modern advocacy strategies to induce social changes. However, traditional forms of advocacies are the foundation of modern advocacy strategies. Social changes achieved through advocacy takes time with regard to prevailing political, socioeconomic, and cultural consequences of changes in the community. Impacts of such changes determine how advocacy and social movements for change manifest themselves and the subsequent reactions for achieving the preferred changes in society. Scholars’ review of youth empowerment programmes concluded that uniting youths to work together in social action is an essential component of community building, and addressed skills in development at both the individual and group levels (Hardcastle, 2011). Eng aging in community organising and critically examining community issues provide young people with the experience, self-efficacy, and social connections to continue to work for community-based change. There are also other radical strategies such as structural and system change advocacy. Habermas notes that structural and system changes advocacy are fundamental with regard to terms of ends sought, ideologically driven and revolutionary than others forms of advocacies, which focus on an individual’s rights and interests (Habermas, 1990). It can be promoted by either the political left or going on to provide for adequate facilities for the entire community. Many systems affect individuals and society in general, and advocacy systems want to be able to influence them. Those who would transform themselves and their environment must be able to construct a vision and convince policymakers on how the community can be. Transformative structural and systems change results in profound al teration or revitalisation of society. However, these are systematic changes that must take time to have significant consequences on the masses. Societies can change peacefully or violently though with slow steps towards their goals. We have witnessed how the American civil rights movement transformed American society. We could not imagine a black president in the US or a woman president in Africa in the 1960s. Some forms of these transformations were not imaginable in the 1960s. However, today, they have become reality due to the civil right movements, social changes and advocacy strategies. This demonstrates that strong forms of advocacies are fundamental tools in fighting for the rights of community in order to enhance development. Manifestations of changes achieved through modern forms of advocacies make members of marginal and invisible groups more central and visible, address social isolation and disenfranchisement, link individuals to social resources, and contribute to their social capital, and promote empowerment, confidence, and optimism. Reference List Angus, I 2010, La Và ­a Campesina: Foil the carbon market plan, https://climateandcapitalism.com/2010/12/06/la-via-campesina-foil-the-carbon-market-plan/ Butcher, H 2007, Critical community practice, The Policy Press Bristol, UK. Freddolino, P and Moxley, D 1994, A differential model of advocacy in social work practice, Basic Books, New York. Gamson, W 1990, The strategy of social protest, Wadsworth, Belmont, CA. Goodwyn, L 1978, The Populist Moment: A Short History of the Agrarian Revolt in America, Oxford University Press, Cambridge. Habermas, J 1990, Moral Consciousness and Communicative Action, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA. Hardcastle, D 2011 Community Practice: Theories and Skills for Social Workers, 3rd ed, Oxford University Press, Inc, New York. Inglehart, R 1990, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Marwell, G and Oliver, P 1992, Resource Mobilisati on Theory and the Study of Social Movements, Routledge, New York. McCarthy, DJ and Zald, NM 1977, ‘Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory’, American Journal of Sociology, vol. 82, pp. 1212-1241. Melucci, A 1996, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Moyer, B 1990, The Practical Strategist: Movement Action Plan (MAP) Strategic Theories for Evaluating, Planning and Conducting Social Movements, Social Movement Empowerment Project, San Francisco. Moyer, B, McAllister, J, Finley, M, and Soifer, S 2001, Doing democracy: The map model for organizing social movements, New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, BC. Olson, M 1965, The Logic of Collective Action, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. Rutch, D 1998, The Strategies and Action Repertoires of New Social Movements, Polity Press, Cambridge. Shields, J 2009, Development of the Policy Advocacy Behavior Scale, Sage Publications, Thousand O aks.

Famous Flash Fiction

Famous Flash Fiction Over the past few decades, flash fiction, micro-fiction, and other super-short short stories have grown in popularity. Entire journals such as Nano Fiction and Flash Fiction Online are devoted to flash fiction and related forms of writing, while contests administrated by Gulf Coast, Salt Publishing, and The Kenyon Review cater to flash fiction authors. But flash fiction also has a long and respectable history. Even before the term â€Å"flash fiction† came into common usage in the late 20th century, major writers in France, America, and Japan were experimenting with prose forms that put special emphasis on brevity and concision.   Charles Baudelaire (French, 1821-1869) In the 19th century, Baudelaire pioneered a new type of short-form writing called â€Å"prose poetry.† Prose poetry was Baudelaire’s method for capturing the nuances of psychology and experience in short bursts of description. As Baudelaire puts it in the introduction to his famous collection of prose poetry, Paris Spleen (1869): â€Å"Who has not, in bouts of ambition, dreamt this miracle, a poetic prose, musical without rhythm or rhyme, supple and choppy enough to accommodate the lyrical movement of the soul, the undulations of reverie, the bump and lurch of consciousness?† The prose poem became a favorite form of French experimental writers, such as Arthur Rimbaud and Francis Ponge. But Baudelaire’s emphasis on turns of thought and twists of observation also paved the way for the â€Å"slice of life† flash fiction that can be found in many present-day magazines. Ernest Hemingway (American, 1899-1961) Hemingway is well-known for novels of heroism and adventure such as For Whom the Bell Tolls and The Old Man and the Sea- but also for his radical experiments in super-short fiction. One of the most famous works attributed to Hemingway is a six-word short story: â€Å"For sale: baby shoes, never worn.† Hemingway’s authorship of this miniature story has been called into question, but he did create several other works of extremely short fiction, such as the sketches that appear throughout his short story collection In Our Time. And Hemingway also offered a defense of radically concise fiction: â€Å"If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them.† Yasunari Kawabata (Japanese, 1899-1972) As an author steeped in the economical yet expressive art and literature of his native Japan, Kawabata was interested in creating small texts that are great in expression and suggestion. Among Kawabata’s greatest accomplishments are the â€Å"palm-of-the-hand† stories, fictional episodes and incidents that last two or three pages at most. Topic-wise, the range of these miniature stories is remarkable, covering everything from intricate romances (â€Å"Canaries†) to morbid fantasies (â€Å"Love Suicides†) to childhood visions of adventure and escape (â€Å"Up in the Tree†). And Kawabata didn’t hesitate to apply the principles behind his â€Å"palm-of-the-hand† stories to his longer writings. Near the end of his life, he crafted a revised and much-shortened version of one of his celebrated novels, Snow Country. Donald Barthelme (American, 1931-1989) Barthelme is one of the American writers most responsible for the state of contemporary flash fiction. For Barthelme, fiction was a means of igniting debate and speculation: â€Å"I believe that my every sentence trembles with morality in that each attempts to engage the problematic rather than to present a proposition to which all reasonable men must agree.† Although these standards for indeterminate, thought-provoking short fiction have guided short fiction in the late 20th and early 21st century, Barthelme’s exact style is difficult to imitate with success. In stories such as â€Å"The Balloon†, Barthelme offered meditations on strange events- and little in the way of traditional plot, conflict, and resolution. Lydia Davis (American, 1947-present) A recipient of the prestigious MacArthur Fellowship, Davis has won recognition both for her translations of classic French authors and for her many works of flash fiction. In stories such as â€Å"A Man from Her Past†, â€Å"Enlightened†, and â€Å"Story†, Davis portrays states of anxiety and disturbance. She shares this special interest in uneasy characters with some of the novelists she has translated- such as Gustave Flaubert and Marcel Proust. Like Flaubert and Proust, Davis has been hailed for her breadth of vision and for her ability to pack a wealth of meaning into carefully-chosen observations. According to literary critic James Wood, â€Å"one can read a large portion of Davis’s work, and a grand cumulative achievement comes into view- a body of work probably unique in American writing, in its combination of lucidity, aphoristic brevity, formal originality, sly comedy, metaphysical bleakness, philosophical pressure, and human wisdom.†

The U.S Constitution Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The U.S Constitution - Research Paper Example According to Dahl (2003); the main way in which the constitution can be described as being democratic is the fact that it allows citizens of the land rights that can be found in the 10th amendment to the constitution. The document can also be amended in a very democratic process. This is because unlike in the document’s creation, it is elected representatives that participate in the constitutional amendment process. This brings this text to how the constitution is undemocratic. The creation of the document is itself a testament to this fact. Those who wrote the constitution were not by any means elected. They were no doubt great leaders, but the fact that there was no election proves that gave them the capacity to write the document on behalf of the entire country. It was created behind closed doors and then signed by the authors. It can therefore be argued that the undemocratic way through which the document cam to be nullifies the premise of democracy which it was meant to i nspire. Other undemocratic elements of the United States constitution are; its tolerance of slavery, suffrage, limitation of Congressional power and judicial power which gives judges the ability to deem a law unconstitutional even after it has been approved by the legislature and then sighed by the president. Amar (2005) exaplsins that since its inception, the U.S constitution has been democratized over the years. One way through which this has been done is by the bill of rights. The bill of rights came to give most rights needed in a democracy.

Summary and critical analysis of an article i will attach Assignment

Summary and critical analysis of an article i will attach - Assignment Example Miller further asserts that Target meets the needs of its guests by striving to invest in new product development and conducting brand research. Target’s efforts in achieving the best quality have made it a weekly destination for shoppers. The article further introduces Target and its private label brands, asserting that the Minneapolis-based store offers discounts to its guests in recession, making it a hit with customers. Target takes a non-traditional approach to take private label to a brand level. Target’s private label strategy revolves around consumer research, marketing through national ads and in-store displays, and strategic thinking. Jim Hertel, managing partner with Willard Bishop, asserts that Target focuses on its store image rather than price image, which increases its appeal for the consumers. This strategy makes Target work with the slogan of â€Å"Expect More, Pay Less†. In 2009, the company put off its label and bull’s eye image form the household items that the consumers considered as basic. However, it was accepted as a mistake because no other marketer was doing so, and the change was adjusted in the new up & up household products, which were launched in June 2009. But the Target brand name was replaced by the up & up line in these products. Target also promoted couponing in the up & up line that could be printed from the Web. This proved to be a good marketing idea. The couponing was targeted on baby wipes, which attracted the mothers’ interest. Target also moved upscale by marketing brands like Choxie chocolate line. It distinguished Market Pantry from Archer Farms. Target also faces some challenges like rolling out its PFresh food format across it store network. It has to spend more than $2 billion to refurbish 740 stores to make them incorporate the PFresh fresh products collection. The article is an excellent introduction to Target’s private label brands. It