Hertz Corporation

ALTRIA GROUP, INC. (MO) 10-Q Quarterly report pursuant to sections 13 or 15(d) Filed on 07/26/2012 Filed Period 06/30/2012 UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION WASHINGTON, D. C. 20549 FORM 10-Q (Mark One) y QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2012 OR ? TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from o Commission File Number 1-08940 Altria Group, Inc. (Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter) Virginia 13-3260245 (State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) (I. R. S. Employer Identification No. ) 6601 West Broad Street, Richmond, Virginia 23230 (Address of principal executive offices) (Zip Code) Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (804) 274-2200 Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last reportIndicate by check mark whether the re gistrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ? No ? Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T ( §232. 05 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ? No ? Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of â€Å"large accelerated filer,† â€Å"accelerated filer† and â€Å"smaller reporting companyâ₠¬  in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer ? Accelerated filer ? Non-accelerated filer ? (Do not check if a smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company ?Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ? No ? At July 16, 2012 , there were 2,032,833,474 shares outstanding of the registrant’s common stock, par value $0. 33 1/3 per share. Table of Contents ALTRIA GROUP, INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION Item 1. Financial Statements (Unaudited) Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 3 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 5 Three Months Ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 7 Three Months Ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 8 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stoc kholders’ Equity for the Year Ended December 31, 2011 and the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 9 Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 and 2011 10 Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements 12 Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations 61 Item 4. Controls and Procedures 99 PART II – OTHER INFORMATIONItem 1. Legal Proceedings 100 Item 1A. Risk Factors 100 Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds 100 Item 5. Other Information 101 Item 6. Exhibits 102 Signature Signature 103 – 2- Table of Contents PART I – FINANCIAL INFORMATION Item 1. Financial Statements. Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (in millions of dollars) (Unaudited) June 30, 2012 December 31, 2011 Assets Consumer products Cash and cash equivalents $ Receivables 1,528 $ 3,270 256 268 Leaf tobacco 799 934 Other raw mater ials 184 170 Work in process 269 316 Inventories:Finished product 432 Other current assets 1,779 1,207 Deferred income taxes 359 1,684 1,207 468 Property, plant and equipment, at cost 607 5,143 Total current assets 7,131 4,750 2,512 2,131 Goodwill 4,728 2,619 Less accumulated depreciation 2,216 5,174 Other assets 12,098 6,486 Investment in SABMiller 5,174 12,088 Other intangible assets, net 5,509 472 1,257 31,494 33,385 3,012 Total consumer products assets 3,559 Financial services Finance assets, net Other assets 41 Total Assets $ 18 3,053 Total financial services assets 3,577 34,547 $ See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.Continued – 3- 36,962 Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (Continued) (in millions of dollars, except share and per share data) (Unaudited) June 30, 2012 December 31, 2011 Liabilities Consumer products Current portion of long-term debt $ Accounts payable 600 $ 600 335 503 Marketing 5 81 430 Taxes, except income taxes 218 220 Accrued liabilities: Employment costs 110 225 Settlement charges 2,184 3,513 Other 1,217 1,311 Dividends payable 836 7,643 13,089 Long-term debt 841 6,081 Total current liabilities 13,089 Deferred income taxes 5,074 4,751Accrued pension costs 1,139 1,662 Accrued postretirement health care costs 2,367 2,359 Other liabilities 606 602 28,356 30,106 1,764 Total consumer products liabilities 2,811 Financial services Deferred income taxes Other liabilities 119 3,141 30,239 33,247 33 32 935 Total liabilities 330 1,883 Total financial services liabilities 935 Contingencies (Note 11) Redeemable noncontrolling interest Stockholders' Equity Common stock, par value $0. 33 1/3 per share (2,805,961,317 shares issued) Additional paid-in capital 5,647 Accumulated other comprehensive losses 5,674 24,334 Earnings reinvested in the business 3,583 (1,674) (1,887) Cost of repurchased stock (773,116,613 shares in 2012 and 761,542,032 shares in 2011) (24,969) (24, 625) Total stockholders’ equity attributable to Altria Group, Inc. 4,273 3,680 2 3 Noncontrolling interests Total stockholders’ equity 4,275 Total Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity $ 34,547 See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. – 4- 3,683 $ 36,962 Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings (in millions of dollars, except per share data) (Unaudited) For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012Net revenues $ 2011 12,134 $ 11,563 Cost of sales 3,878 3,825 Excise taxes on products 3,560 3,618 Gross profit 4,696 4,120 1,130 1,272 Marketing, administration and research costs Asset impairment and exit costs 37 3 Amortization of intangibles 10 11 3,519 2,834 Operating income Interest and other debt expense, net 586 Earnings before income taxes 572 (743) Earnings from equity investment in SABMiller (344) 3,676 Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests 1,224 2,421 Net earnings 2,6 06 1,255 Provision for income taxes 1,382 (1 ) Net earnings attributable to Altria Group, Inc. (1) $ ,420 $ 1,381 Basic earnings per share attributable to Altria Group, Inc. $ 1. 19 $ 0. 66 Diluted earnings per share attributable to Altria Group, Inc. $ 1. 19 $ 0. 66 $ 0. 82 $ 0. 76 Per share data: Dividends declared See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. – 5- Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Earnings (in millions of dollars, except per share data) (Unaudited) For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2012 Net revenues $ 2011 6,487 $ 5,920 Cost of sales 2,086 2,030 Excise taxes on products 1,907 1,918 Gross profit 2,494 1,972 596 671 16 1Marketing, administration and research costs Asset impairment and exit costs Amortization of intangibles 5 Earnings from equity investment in SABMiller 1,295 293 Interest and other debt expense, net 5 1,877 Operating income 294 (223) Earnings before income taxes (155) 1,807 581 Net earnings 712 1,226 Provision for income taxes 1,156 444 Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests (1 ) Net earnings attributable to Altria Group, Inc. — $ 1,225 $ 444 Basic earnings per share attributable to Altria Group, Inc. $ 0. 60 $ 0. 21 Diluted earnings per share attributable to Altria Group, Inc. $ 0. 60 $ 0. 21 0. 41 $ 0. 38 Per share data: Dividends declared See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. – 6- Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings (in millions of dollars) (Unaudited) For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 Net earnings $ 2,421 2011 $ 1,382 Other comprehensive earnings, net of deferred income taxes: Currency translation adjustments — 1 61 64 154 135 Benefit plans: Amounts reclassified to net earnings SABMiller: Ownership share of SABMiller's other comprehensive earnings before reclassifications to net earningsAmounts reclassified to net earnings (2 ) 5 152 205 2,634 Comprehensive earnings Comprehensive earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests 140 213 Other comprehensive earnings, net of deferred income taxes 1,587 (1) Comprehensive earnings attributable to Altria Group, Inc. See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. – 7- $ 2,633 (1) $ 1,586 Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Earnings (in millions of dollars) (Unaudited) For the Three Months Ended June 30, 2012 Net earnings $ 2011 1,226 $ 444Other comprehensive earnings, net of deferred income taxes: Currency translation adjustments — 1 39 32 (23) 78 (5) 1 Benefit plans: Amounts reclassified to net earnings SABMiller: Ownership share of SABMiller's other comprehensive (losses) earnings before reclassifications to net earnings Amounts reclassified to net earnings (28) 112 1,237 Comprehensive earnings Comprehensive earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests 79 11 Oth er comprehensive earnings, net of deferred income taxes 556 (1) Comprehensive earnings attributable to Altria Group, Inc. See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. 8- $ 1,236 — $ 556 Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for the Year Ended December 31, 2011 and the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 (in millions of dollars, except per share data) (Unaudited) Attributable to Altria Group, Inc. Common Stock (1) Earnings Reinvested in the Business Accumulated Other Comprehensive Losses Cost of Repurchased Stock Non-controlling Interests Total Stockholders’ Equity $ 935 Balances, December 31, 2010 Additional Paid-in Capital $ 5,751 $ 23,459 $ $ (23,469) $ $ (1,484) 3 5,195 — — 3,390 — — 1Other comprehensive losses, net of deferred income tax benefit — — — (403) — — (403) Exercise of stock options and other stock award a ctivity — (77) — — 171 — 94 Cash dividends declared ($1. 58 per share) — — — — (3,266) Repurchases of common stock — — — — — (1,327) Other — — — — Net earnings Balances, December 31, 2011 (3,266) — — (1) 935 5,674 23,583 3 3,683 — — 2,420 — — — 2,420 Other comprehensive earnings, net of deferred income taxes — — — 213 — — 213 Exercise of stock options and other stock award activity — (27) — — 16 — (11) Cash dividends declared ($0. 82 per share) — — — — — (1,669) Repurchases of common stock — — (360) — (360) Balances, June 30, 2012 (1) (1,669) — — — — $ 935 $ 5,647 $ 24,334 — $ (1,674) (24,625) (1) Net earnings (1) Other (1,887) (1,327) 3,391 — $ (24,969) (1) $ 2 (1) $ 4,275 Net earnings attributable to noncontrolling interests for the six months ended June 30, 2012 and for the year ended December 31, 2011 exclude $1 million and $2 million, respectively, due to the redeemable noncontrolling interest related to Stag’s Leap Wine Cellars, which is reported in the mezzanine equity section in the condensed consolidated balance sheets at June 30, 2012 and December 31, 2011 , respectively.See Note 11. See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. – 9- Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (in millions of dollars) (Unaudited) For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 2011 Cash Provided by (Used In) Operating Activities Net earnings (loss) – Consumer products $ 2,311 – Financial services 110 Net earnings $ 1,962 (580) 2,421 1,382 Depreciation and amortization 113 121 Deferred income tax provision 299 132 (743) (344) (34) (24) (456) — Adjustm ents to reconcile net earnings to operating cash flows: Consumer productsEarnings from equity investment in SABMiller Asset impairment and exit costs, net of cash paid IRS payment related to LILO and SILO transactions Cash effects of changes: Receivables, net 2 Inventories (12) 95 Accrued liabilities and other current assets (94) (251) Income taxes 130 (64) Accounts payable 5 58 Accrued settlement charges 58 (1,329) (1,398) Pension plan contributions (514) (209) Pension provisions and postretirement, net 85 122 Other 90 121 Financial services Deferred income tax benefit (1,270) PMCC leveraged lease charges 7 Decrease to allowance for losses 10) Other liabilities (income taxes) 1,437 Other (529) 490 — 505 (21) See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. Continued – 10- 23 (85) Net cash (used in) provided by operating activities 479 Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Continued) (in millions of dollars) (Unaudited) For the Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 2011 Cash Provided by (Used In) Investing Activities Consumer products Capital expenditures $ Other (39) $ (3) (40) 1 Financial services Proceeds from finance assets 552 129 510 0 — Net cash provided by investing activities 1,494 Cash Provided by (Used In) Financing Activities Consumer products Long-term debt issued Repurchases of common stock (360) (575) (1,674) Dividends paid on common stock (1,589) Issuances of common stock — 29 Financing fees and debt issuance costs — (23) (133) (155) (2,167) (819) Other Net cash used in financing activities Cash and cash equivalents: Decrease (1,742) Balance at beginning of period (250) 3,270 Balance at end of period $ 1,528 See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements. – 11 – 2,314 $ 2,064Table of Contents Note 1. Background and Basis of Presentation: Background At June 30, 2012, Altria Group, Inc. ‘s direct and indirect wholly- owned subsidiaries included Philip Morris USA Inc. (â€Å"PM USA†), which is engaged in the manufacture and sale of cigarettes and certain smokeless products in the United States; John Middleton Co. (â€Å"Middleton†), which is engaged in the manufacture and sale of machine-made large cigars and pipe tobacco, and is a wholly-owned subsidiary of PM USA; and UST LLC (â€Å"UST†), which through its direct and indirect wholly-owned subsidiaries including U.S. Smokeless Tobacco Company LLC (â€Å"USSTC†) and Ste. Michelle Wine Estates Ltd. (â€Å"Ste. Michelle†), is engaged in the manufacture and sale of smokeless products and wine. Philip Morris Capital Corporation (â€Å"PMCC†), another wholly-owned subsidiary of Altria Group, Inc. , maintains a portfolio of leveraged and direct finance leases. In addition, Altria Group, Inc. held an approximate 27. 0% economic and voting interest in SABMiller plc (â€Å"SABMiller†) at June 30, 2012, whi ch is accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Altria Group, Inc. s access to the operating cash flows of its wholly-owned subsidiaries consists of cash received from the payment of dividends and distributions, and the payment of interest on intercompany loans by its subsidiaries. In addition, Altria Group, Inc. receives cash dividends on its interest in SABMiller if and when SABMiller pays such dividends. At June 30, 2012, Altria Group, Inc. ‘s principal wholly-owned subsidiaries were not limited by long-term debt or other agreements in their ability to pay cash dividends or make other distributions with respect to their common stock.Share Repurchases In October 2011, Altria Group, Inc. ‘s Board of Directors authorized a $1. 0 billion share repurchase program, which Altria Group, Inc. intends to complete by the end of 2012 . During the six and three months ended June 30, 2012, Altria Group, Inc. repurchased 11. 9 million shares (aggregate cost of approximate ly $360 million , and $30. 16 average price per share) and 2. 0 million shares (aggregate cost of approximately $66 million , and $32. 37 average price per share), respectively. As of June 30, 2012 , Altria Group, Inc. had repurchased a total of 23. million shares of its common stock under this program at an aggregate cost of approximately $688 million , and an average price of $29. 01 per share. The timing of share repurchases under this program depends upon marketplace conditions and other factors, and the program remains subject to the discretion of Altria Group, Inc. ‘s Board of Directors. Basis of Presentation The interim condensed consolidated financial statements of Altria Group, Inc. are unaudited. It is the opinion of Altria Group, Inc. ‘s management that all adjustments necessary for a fair statement of the interim results presented have been reflected therein.All such adjustments were of a normal recurring nature. Net revenues and net earnings for any interim period are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year. These statements should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements and related notes, which appear in Altria Group, Inc. ‘s Annual Report to Shareholders and which are incorporated by reference into Altria Group, Inc. ‘s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2011. Balance sheet accounts are segregated by two broad types of businesses.Consumer products assets and liabilities are classified as either current or noncurrent, whereas financial services assets and liabilities are unclassified, in accordance with respective industry practices. During the second quarter of 2012, Altria Group, Inc. determined that it had not recorded in its financial statements for the three months ended March 31, 2012, its share of non-cash gains from its equity investment in SABMiller, relating to SABMiller's strategic alliance transactions with Anadolu Efes and Castel that were closed during the first quarter of 2012.Because Altria Group, Inc. did not record these gains, it understated by $342 million, $222 million and $0. 11 earnings from equity investment in SABMiller, net earnings/comprehensive earnings, and diluted earnings per share attributable to Altria Group, Inc. , respectively, for the three months ended March 31, 2012. Additionally, Altria Group, Inc. understated its investment in SABMiller, long-term liability for deferred income taxes and total stockholders' equity by $342 million, $120 million and $222 million, respectively, at March 31, 2012.There was no impact on net cash flows from operating, investing or financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2012. Altria Group, Inc. assessed the materiality of – 12- Table of Contents Altria Group, Inc. and Subsidiaries Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited) these understatements in accordance with the Securities and Exchange Commission 's (â€Å"SEC†) Staff Accounting Bulletin No. 99 â€Å"Materiality† and determined that the impact was not material to Altria Group, Inc. ‘s financial statements as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2012.Accordingly, Altria Group, Inc. has determined that it is appropriate to revise its first quarter 2012 financial statements and has reflected this revision in the financial statements as of and for the six months ended June 30, 2012. Financial results for the three months ended March 31, 2012 reported in future filings will reflect this revision. Altria Group, Inc. ‘s chief operating decision maker has been evaluating the operating results of the former cigarettes and cigars segments as a single smokeable products segment since January 1, 2012.The combination of these two formerly separate segments is related to the restructuring associated with the cost reduction program announced in October 2011 (the â€Å"2011 Cost Reduction Program†). A lso, in connection with the 2011 Cost Reduction Program, effective January 1, 2012, Middleton became a wholly-owned subsidiary of PM USA, reflecting management's goal to achieve efficiencies in the management of these businesses. Effective with the first quarter of 2012, Altria Group, Inc. ‘s reportable segments are smokeable products, smokeless products, wine and financial services.For further discussion on the 2011 Cost Reduction Program, see Note 2. Asset Impairment, Exit, Implementation and Integration Costs. Effective January 1, 2012, Altria Group, Inc. adopted new authoritative guidance that eliminated the option of presenting components of other comprehensive earnings as part of the statement of stockholders' equity. With the adoption of this guidance, Altria Group, Inc. is reporting other comprehensive earnings in separate statements immediately following the statements of earnings. Note 2.Asset Impairment, Exit, Implementation and Integration Costs: Pre-tax asset impa irment, exit and implementation costs for the six and three months ended June 30, 2012 consisted of the following: For The Six Months Ended June 30, 2012 Asset Impairment and Exit Costs For The Three Months Ended June 30, 2012 Implementation (Gain) Costs Total Asset Impairment and Exit Costs Implementation Costs Total (in millions) Smokeable products $ 23 $ (12) $ 11 $ 16 $ 9 $ 25 Smokeless products 14 5 19 — — — General corporate — (1) (1 ) — — — Total $ 37

Cricket World Cup

Abstract Cricket World Cup is the biggest international event of cricket. The first Cricket World Cup was played during 1975 in England (www. wikipedia. org). The first three matches were also recognized as Prudential Cup with the sponsorship of prudential plc, it is a pecuniary services company. Till the1992 Cricket World Cup, only 8 teams used to participate in the tournament. Later on, the number of teams increased and in Cricket World Cup2007, 16 teams had participated. But in 2011 Cricket World Cup 14 teams are participating. IntroductionCricket is a sport that has been played around the world for more than eight centuries. It is one of the most well-loved and feverishly watched sports in the  world. It involves two teams with 11 players on each side. The captain who wins the toss decides whether his team bats or bowls first. If they bat first, their aim is to score a lot of runs and make sure the other team does not reach that score. Cricket is played in many formats, but the most popular are Test cricket And One Day cricket. In Test cricket game goes on for 5 days, with each team batting twice – if time permits.One Day is the most popular format, with each team getting 300 balls to score runs. And the other team tries to outscore them within the same number of balls. One-day cricket originally began between English County teams in the 1960's. The first one-day international was played in Melbourne, Australia, in 1971, with the quadrennial  Cricket World Cup  began in 1975. The Cricket World Cup is organized by the sport's governing body, the International Cricket Council (ICC). The tournament is the world's fourth-largest and fourth-most-viewed sporting event. HistoryThe first attempt at any kind of world championship was in 1912, when a three-way series was arranged between the then current Test playing nations, Australia, England and South Africa. No similar events were held again until 1975. The first ICC World Cup (officially called the Prudential Cup) was in1975, hosted by England (see full list of host countries). This tournament included the six Test-playing nations (England, Australia, New Zealand, West Indies, India and Pakistan), who were joined by Sri Lanka and East Africa. Following the success of this tournament, it was repeated in 1979 and 1983 in England.After this, the tournament moved to be played in other countries, maintaining a four-year cycle. 60 overs were used for the first three world cups. This was reduced to 50 in 1987 and has been that way since. Women also participate in another Cricket World cup since 1975. Cricket World Cup Hosting Nations England, 1975 This was the first ever Cricket World Cup, officially called the Prudential Cup, and was held from June 7 to June 21, 1975 in England. The tournament was held in England as it was considered the only nation at the time that had the resources to stage an event of such magnitude.The matches played consisted of 60 overs per team. Unlike today, all players wore a traditional white uniform and red balls were used. There were also no night games. There were 8 participating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o East Africa (composed of players from Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia) The preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 teams. The top two teams from each group played the semifinals, and the winners of these played the final.The final was played at the Lords ground, between West Indies and Australia, with the favorites the West Indies winning by 17 runs. The West Indies scored 291 runs in 60 overs at a loss of 8 wickets. In reply Australia made 274 runs in 58. 4 overs all out. England, 197 England, 1979 †¢ This was the second Cricket World CUP (called the Prudential Cup), held in England between June 9 to June 23, 1979. †¢ The format of games was the same as in the 1975 World Cup (preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 teams, with the top two teams in each group playing the semifinals, and the winners of these playing the final). The final was played at the Lord's cricket ground in London between the West Indies and England. The West Indies won by 92 runs. They batted first and made 286 runs in 60 overs at a loss of 9 wickets. In reply, England made 194 runs before being all out after 51 overs. New Zealand and Pakistan were the other semifinalists. †¢ There were 8 participating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o Canada †¢ This tournament saw the introduction of the ICC Trophy, a competition used to determine which non-Test playing teams qualified for the World Cup.England, 1983 †¢ This was the third Cricket World Cup (Called the Prudential Cup). The tournament was held in England for the third consecutive time, between 9 and 25 June 1983. †¢ The preliminary matches were played in 2 groups of 4 each as in the previous two tournaments, t hough this time each country played the other teams in its group twice. The top two teams in each group qualified for the semifinals, and the winners of this played the final †¢ The final was played between India and the West Indies at the Lords ground in England. India scored 183 runs in 54. 4 overs all out.In reply, the West Indies made 140 runs in 52 overs all out, with India winning by 43 runs. †¢ There were 8 participating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o Zimbabwe (http://www. sportscanon. com/2011/01/25/1983-cricket-world-cup-summary/) India & Pakistan, 1987 †¢ This was the fourth World Cup event (called the Reliance Cup) †¢ It was held jointly in India and Pakistan, held from October 9 to November 8, 1987 †¢ It was the first World Cup held outside of England. †¢ The format was unchanged from previous World Cups, except for a eduction in the number of overs a team played from 60 to 50. à ¢â‚¬ ¢ The final was played between Australia and England at the Eden Gardens stadium in Calcutta India. Australia made 253 in their 50 overs with a loss of 5 wickets. In reply, England came up just short, making 246 in their 50 overs for a loss of 8 wickets. Australia winning by 7 runs. †¢ Australian David Boon was man of the final match, and the winning captain was Allan Border †¢ There were 8 participating countries: o Australia o England o India o New Zealand o Pakistan o West Indies o Sri lanka o ZimbabweAustralia and New Zealand, 1992 †¢ This was the fifth World Cup event and the first tournament held in the Southern hemisphere. It was also the first tournament to feature an African Test nation, South Africa. †¢ This was the first time day/night matches were used and the first tournament to use white cricket balls and colored team uniforms. †¢ The leading run scorer of the tournament was Martin Crowe of New Zealand with 456 runs. †¢ The leading wi cket taker of the tournament was Wasim Akram of Pakistan with 16 wickets †¢ The format for this tournament changed from previous years.All teams were in one group and played each other once, rather than in two groups. The top four qualified for the knockout stage which was contested in similar fashion to the previous events. †¢ The final was played between Pakistan and England in Melbourne, Australia. Pakistan made 249 runs in 50 overs for 6 Wickets, compared to England's total of 227 runs in 49. 2 all out. Pakistan won by 22 Runs. India, Pakistan & Sri Lanka, 1996 †¢ At the World Cup in 1996, Australia and West Indies refused to play their matches against Sri Lanka in Sri Lanka due to security concerns, causing both matches to be awarded to Sri Lanka by default.Also, Sri Lanka was awarded a victory for their semi-final by default against India because of crowd riots. This aided their campaign which eventually led to them winning the final. †¢ The final was playe d between Sri Lanka and Australia in Lahore, Pakistan. Australia made 241 runs in 50 overs for a loss of 7 wickets. In reply, Sri Lanka made 245 runs in 46. 2 overs losing only 3 wickets on the way. The final result: Sri Lanka by 7 wickets. Eden Garden Stadium (Kolkata) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup) England, 1999 †¢ The 1999 event returned to England after sixteen years. Some matches also held in Ireland, Scotland and the Netherlands. †¢ This tournament has a similar group stage format as 1996, though there was a dramatic change in the second stage, where a â€Å"Super Six† round replaced the quarter-finals. †¢ One of the greatest matches in the ICC World Cup history was the Australia and South Africa tied game in their semi-final. †¢ The final was played between Australia and Pakistan at Lords, London. Australia made 133 runs in 20. 1 overs for 2 wickets; in reply Pakistan made 132 All out in 39 Overs. Australia won by 8 Wickets. (http://breakingnewsonline. et/cricket/6923-1999-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html) South Africa, Zimbabwe & Kenya, 2003 †¢ The 2003 World Cup was held between 9 February and 24 March 2003, in Southern Africa (co-hosted by South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya). †¢ The number of teams participating in the event increased from twelve to fourteen. †¢ Because of security concerns, Zimbabwe and Kenya won their matches against England and New Zealand by default. †¢ The Final was played between Australia and India on 23 March in Johannesburg, South Africa. †¢ Australia batted first and made 359 runs in 50 overs losing only 2 wickets.In reply India made 234 after being all out in 39. 2 overs. Australia was crowned champions after beating India by 125 runs. Wanderers Stadium (South Africa) (http://breakingnewsonline. net/cricket/6966-2003-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html) West Indies, 2007 †¢ The 2007 ICC World Cup of Cricket was held in April 2007. It was the 9th World Cup tournament, and the first time it had been held in the West Indies. †¢ The tournament consisted of 16 teams, including all 10 Test playing nations and 6 qualifiers. The 10 Test match playing countries plus Kenya qualified automatically.The other five teams qualified via the 2005 ICC Trophy. The field of sixteen teams is the largest ever for the Cricket World Cup. †¢ The 16 teams were allocated into four groups of four. Within each group, the teams played each other in a round-robin format and the top two teams advanced to a ‘Super 8' round. These eight teams then played in a round-robin format, except that they did not play the other team that advanced from their respective group. The top four teams from the Super 8 round advanced to the semi-finals, and the winners of the semi-finals then ompeted in the final, held at Kensington Oval in Bridgetown, on 28 April. †¢ The first hat-trick plus one (4 wickets in 4 balls) in World Cup history was by Sri Lan kan Lasith Malinga against South Africa (Super Eights: South Africa v Sri Lanka at Providence, March 28, 2007) Bangladesh, India & Sri Lank a, 2011 †¢ The 2011 Cricket World Cup was held in Bangladesh, India & Sri Lanka. It was World Cup tournament, and the first time it had been held in the Bangladesh. †¢ Pakistan was originally going to co-host this event but due to security concerns in the years leading up to the event Pakistan’s hosting rights were revoked. The format of the tournament has been revised from previous events, and 14 teams will participate instead of 16. †¢ The new format ensures that each team gets to play a minimum of six matches even if they are ruled out of the tournament due to early defeats. [pic] Sher-e-Bangla Cricket Stadium. Mirpur, Dhaka (Outside Part) (http://dhakadailyphoto. blogspot. com/2011/02/dhaka-set-for-world-cup-cricket-2011. html) Cricket World Cup Firsts 1. The first world cup was held in 1975 in England. 2. The first wor ld cup held outside England was in 1987 in India and Pakistan 3. The first time day/night matches was used was in 1992. . The first tournament to use white cricket balls and colored team uniforms was 1992. 5. The first tournament to feature an African Test nation, South Africa, was in 1992. 6. The first team to remain undefeated throughout the whole tournament was Australia in 2003. They repeated this feat in the 2007 tournament. 7. The first hat-trick at the World Cup was by Indian Chetan Sharma in a game against New Zealand in 1987 www. images. google. com Chetan Sharma Trophy †¢ The current Trophy awarded to the winners of the ICC Cricket World Cup was created for the 1999 championships.It is the first permanent prize in the tournament's history. †¢ The trophy was developed by a team of craftsmen from Garrard, the Crown Jewelers. It was designed and produced in London within two months. Cricket World Cup Trophy †¢ The trophy is 60 cm high, made from silver and gild and features a golden globe held up by three silver columns. The columns, shaped as stumps and bails, represent the three fundamental aspects of cricket: batting, bowling and fielding, while the globe represents the world and a cricket ball. The trophy is designed so that it can be instantly recognized from any angle. The trophy weighs approximately 11 kilograms and has the names of the previous winners inscribed on its base. There is still room for a further ten teams to have their name inscribed on the base. †¢ The actual trophy is always kept by the International Cricket Council. A replica is presented to the winning team, which is identical in all aspects apart from the inscription of the previous champions. (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_Trophy) Cricket World Cup awards Since 1992, one player has been declared as â€Å"Man of the Tournament† at the end of the World Cup finals: Year |Player |Performance details | |1992 |Martin Crowe |456 runs | |1 996 |Sanath Jayasuria |221 runs and 7 wickets | |1999 |Lance Kluserner |281 runs and 17 wickets | |2003 |Sachin Tendulker |673 runs and 2 wickets | |2007 |Glen McGrath |26 wickets | |2011 |Yuvraj Singh |362 runs and 15 wickets | (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_awards) ConclusionCricket World Cup is the most premier international championship of men’s One Day International Cricket. It has huge fan following in the world, especially in South Asia. In South Asia cricket is like religion . When ever world cup comes to the people of this region gone mad. Successive World Cup tournaments have generated increasing media attention as One-Day International cricket has become more established. References http://www. wikipedia. org http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1975_Cricket_World_Cup http://cricketfreaks. contentcreatorz. com/cricket-world-cup-1979-cricket-histor y/ http://www. sportscanon. com/2011/01/25/1983-cricket-world-cup-summary/ http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ 1987_Cricket_World_Cup http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/1992_Cricket_World_Cup http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup http://breakingnewsonline. net/cricket/6923-1999-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html http://breakingnewsonline. net/cricket/6966-2003-cricket-world-cup-at-glance. html http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2007_Cricket_World_Cup http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_Trophy http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cricket_World_Cup_awards ———————– Lords Cricket Ground [pic] [pic] (http://cricketfreaks. contentcreatorz. com/cricket-world-cup-1979-cricket-history/) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1975_Cricket_World_Cup) (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/1987_Cricket_World_Cup)

Information Paper

Use Daniell Jackson CIS 207 August 1, 2012 Timothy Thacker According to (Anthony Robbins, 2010) â€Å"The way we communicate with others and with ourselves ultimately determines the quality of our lives†. It is imperative that in any organization there needs to be a detailed and efficient flow of information. Communications is the key for a business to be successful, and it provides the solid foundation needed to construct a solid business process. One other very important part of communications in a company is the flow of that information which ultimately produces the results whether good or bad.This paper will describe how information is used and how it flows at Document Logistic Agency (DLA) Document Services Jacksonville in the IT department. It will also describe any concerns with properly controlling the information flow, including keeping it safe from unauthorized use. DLA Document Services Jacksonville is a Department of Defense (DoD) command that provides a web-based solution for ordering documents. The communication flow starts from the customer level as documents such as publications, posters, retirement programs, and many more available products are ordered online.Although the Document Services Online website where most of the communications is done electronically, there is still a need for communication flow for those of us here at DLA in order to produce the customers required results. I thought it would be fitting to compare the communications that I have experienced here at DLA and my military communications experience, to show some of the differences As a 23 year retired veteran of the United States Navy, communications becomes a major part of everyday life.Military men and women are introduced to what is known as the chain of command and the structure in which it is written at each command. Communications is something that we are taught not to take for granted because it could be the difference between losing and saving a life in a give n situation. Once retired and transferred into what most military men and women call â€Å"The Civilian World,† I immediately discovered that there is a difference concerning military and civilian communications, the flow, and the concern of controlling that information.Here at DLA document services we have a variety of personnel that come together to produce products for the customer. The accountants manage and handle financial issues, machine workers print and produce the orders, information technology personnel maintain the servers, and management oversees the entire business process. Upon reporting for work here at DLA, I have been privileged to several communication issues that have caused issues, but have been addressed and changes put in place.One of the main issues I discovered was that as the network security engineer, there was no communications between the system administrators working on the servers. There was no sharing of information, which consistently resulted in changes to the system by the system administrators, but no upward communications of these changes through the IT department. The program manager was not informed of the lack of maintenance on the servers and the only concerned seem to be that the systems stay up to produce orders.This line of thinking was unfamiliar to me and I felt it would be a recipe for disaster. â€Å"Information sharing is critical to an organization’s competitiveness and requires a free flow of information among members if the organization is to remain competitive† (JP Hatala and J Lutta, 2008). Although we held a bi-weekly meeting that consisted of minutes from the last meeting and the old business to new business concept, it was clear that it served no purpose and I was determined to change that concept.I introduced the Configuration Control Board (CCB) to the Program Manager and showed her how it would make our meetings more effective by allowing communications to flow from the bottom to the top. Eventually I was able to get the SA’s to fill out a configuration change form and submit that form through the leadership, so that all parties would be aware of any major changes to our systems. We ensure that our transmission and handling of sensitive information is handled discreetly. The protection of our information is controlled on a need-to-know basis, which is the same as when I was in the military.The only concern that I had was sending and receiving emails with sensitive information such as Internet Protocol (IP) addresses and other detailed information via e-mail without encryption. We started ensure that we encrypted our emails to add that extra layer of needed security on sensitive documents. We also started the digital signature initiative that ensures all CCB documents are genuinely signed by each responsible IT department personnel, using our Common Access Cards (CAC).The DoD CAC card allows employees to have their own unique identification, authentica tion privileges, encrypting, and crypto graphical ability to sign emails and other documents. DLA Document Services Jacksonville delivers quality products to the men and women of our military. Although there were some issues with communications, the improvements have been astounding. We realized that when companies are dealing in the information technology field there is a need for excellent communications amongst team members up, and down the organization so that the best customer service can be provided.We discussed the importance of ensuring that communications is protected and secured because it is the cornerstone of maintaining that need-to-know responsibility. References Anthony Robbins (2010), Power of Giving. Retrieved on July 30, 2012 from http://www. power-of-giving. com/tony-robbins-quotes. html JP Hatala and J Lutta (2008), Managing Information Sharing Within an Organizational Setting: A Social Network Perspective. Retrieved July 30, 2012, from https://ehis. ebscohost. c om/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=2&hid=3&sid=8a83ca4d-a18d-4679-b2e7-f631c1b0a62c%40sessionmgr11

Interoperability and Middleware Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interoperability and Middleware - Research Paper Example This was aimed at improving the service offered by the ICT sector. After this development, the ICT sector became more comprehensive and demanded more research and advancements on telecommunications and computing network flexibility (Lerner, 2002). Today interoperability standards are applied in ICT world to improve effective communication compatibility, exchange of data and services. The smooth interaction between two or more components of the operating software for communication compatibility, services and data exchange can be termed as inter-operatibility. Interoperability is a necessity in ICT because it is a tool that increases the connectivity of computers via the internet and offers a solution to operational costs. Furthermore, its software has been proved to be of quality provided heterogeneity is maintained, for instance, on systems written in different language programming; running on different hardware programs and operating system; using different data representation; impl ementing unlike syntactic or semantics interpretations; and using different control platforms (Puder, Ro?mer & Pilhofer, 2006) For interoperability heterogeneity to be realized there has to be a middleware software package. Today, there are many telecommunication and computation industries that offer middle ware products. The industry built middleware product essentially develops a connector that makes interoperability system to configure for use. Middle ware refers to application software that serves the purpose of a transition layer or exchange of resources between two networked counterparts. It also merges and incorporates two networked counterparts to communicate with each other either running on the same or different platforms. Middleware software applications are divided into two major categories, application management and resource management. In application management invokes specific services that perform given tasks for them. This application management is also divided int o other two categories, the higher and the lower, that is dependent on the level of service abstraction the middleware offers. The lower application known as inter-application management communication middleware operates with remote procedure calls in general while the higher application middleware totally abstracts the network by substituting procedure calls with direct service calls. The second middleware category, resource management, acts as resource management utility. Just like the first category it is divided into two groups, higher and lower resource management dependent on the type of resource managed by the middleware. The higher resource, also referred to as database middleware, manages software related resources such as transaction processing and database access as these resources are related to the database while lower resource middleware manager, also known as resource middleware, manages hardware related resources like CPU, hard drive space and memory (Puder, Ro?mer & Pilhofer, 2006). At the time of manufacture its main aim was to set up new standards of addressing the issue of differences that occur due to heterogeneous networks. It also provided for grid distinctive characteristics like file sharing, processor and additional grid functionalities such as API (application programming interfaces) with a primary concern aimed in resource

Current Event Review 2 Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current Event Review 2 - Article Example In my opinion, the fears of parents are valid to a good extent because a large number of children throughout the world are using social networks, and consequently, revealing a great deal of personal information on these websites as well. Most of these children are not conscious of the intricate online privacy settings which are designed in a way to gain as much personal information as possible. Besides, I believe the uneasiness of the parents associated with advertising is justifiable too, as advertisers on social networks often use personal information of the individuals to market products which are close to their liking. These tactics employed by the social networks breach the fundamental concepts of Business Ethics, in terms of use of information, security and advertising. However, the negative impact of such measures is also being felt by the businesses themselves as their reputation faces a serious challenge from not only parents but also groups like Common Sense Media, which ar e launching campaigns for legislation in this regard. The article explains an important issue which is of significance and concern for parents as well as business groups. Proper legislations and measures should be taken for the protection of privacy of people as well as for maintaining the policies of business ethics for maintaining the integrity and credibility of businesses. Ingram, M. (2010, October 10). â€Å"Parents Say Social Networks Dont Protect Childrens Privacy.† Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved from:

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 9

Management - Essay Example It was acknowledged that Herzberg related need satisfaction to job conditions: job content and job context; where the job content factor was specifically identified a motivators (Martires & Fule, 2010, p. 15). The aim of the current discourse is to determine lack of job satisfaction and motivation as a contemporary management issue through the use of current events that were published on the subject. Identification of a Contemporary Management Issue In an article entitled â€Å"10 factors creating job satisfaction: what motivates now?† written by Spicer (2010) and published online in the Bradford University School of Management, the author actually delved into a closer evaluation of factors which apparently have been perceived as contributory to motivation. The author sought the participation of an original number of 268 managers across UK and Europe. As disclosed, there were â€Å"10 longstanding factors that research identifies as significant in influencing people’s motivation† (Spicer, 2010, par. 2). The factors were clearly enumerated and presented as Table 1, below: Table 1. Ten Longstanding Factors that Significantly Influence Motivation Factor 2010 2008 Interesting work 1 1 Job security 2 6 Full appreciation of work done 3 4 Good wages 4 2 Promotion and growth in the organization 5 3 Personal or company loyalty to employees 6 7 Feelings of being in on things 7 8 Tactful discipline 8 9 Good working conditions 9 5 Sympathetic help with personal problems 10 10 Source: Spicer, 2010 From the study, it was revealed that the factors most regarded as contributory to job satisfaction in 2010 were: interesting work, job security, and appreciation for work well done (Spicer, 2010). The top factor in 2008 was similar: interesting work, followed by good wages, as well as promotions and growth in the organization (Spicer, 2010). As published in Employee Benefits, â€Å"motivating employees is vital if employers are to achieve maximum performance and productivity. There are a wide variety of methods available for motivating staff, at prices to suit all budgets. These range from recognizing employees' achievements by simply saying 'thank you' to more complex schemes which combine set targets with fixed rewards† (Employee Benefits, 2006, par. 1). This is consistent with Spicer’s findings that acknowledged appreciation for work as a significant motivating factor that contributes to job satisfaction. Concurrently, in another study that aimed to determine the level of motivation and job satisfaction among employees of KFC, UK, the author disclosed that â€Å"non ­financial  factors  have a  significantly  higher  impact  on  the  employee's  motivation than   the  financial   factors†¦(and that)   the  study concluded  that  the  employees  working  at  KFC  UK  Ltd  are adequately motivated, though  a  significant  difference  of  level of motivation wa s   noticed   among   gender,   different   age groups,   working   status,   working   position   and   length   of employment  comparison† (Hossain & Hossain, 2012, p. 21). The study written by Adeyemi and Ositoye (2010) supported the theoretical frameworks on motivation as originally published by Maslow (1954), Koontz, O’Donnel and Weintzrizh (1980) which asserted that â€Å"what really matters in boosting employee productivity or output is not the kind of motivation that is employed but the extent to which the employee is being truly motivated by any chosen method. .. (And) the ability of the employer to identify employee

Pressure Ulcers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pressure Ulcers - Research Paper Example One such strategy is use of assessment tools for evaluation. In this essay, the role of assessment tools in the prevention and management of pressure ulcers effectively will be discussed through review of appropriate research articles for evidence-based information. Pressure ulcers are a common source of distress in any health care setting. They contribute to morbidity and mortality and are a significant source of healthcare cost. It is often difficult to treat pressure ulcers because of lack of proper understanding of the complexities involved in the causes of breakdown of skin (Riordan and Voegeli, 2009). This research is intended to evaluate and ascertain the benefits of using assessment tools in the prevention and management of pressure ulcers and in total decrease the incidence and prevalence of pressure ulcers in any health care setting. The article begins with the prevalence of the pressure ulcers in Europe and the impact they have on the patient, community and society. This is followed by the definition of pressure ulcer. According to the authors, pressure ulcers are "areas of localized damage to the skin and underlying tissue caused by exposure to pressure, shear or friction, or a combination of these." While most of the pressure ulcers affect only the skin, severe forms of ulcers involve other structures like muscle, bone and tendons. Pressure ulcers develop because of sustained high pressure in an area of the body, mostly over the prominences of bones. Due to the raised pressure, the capillaries supplying blood supply to a particular region get compressed resulting in ischemia of the tissue. Other than ischemia, thrombosis of the venous system and occlusion of the lymphatic vessels of the area also are affected because of pressure. All these eventually lead to increased permeability of the capillaries, intersti tial edema and tissue death. The article provides an

What is wilsonianism and to what extent did it feature and influence Essay

What is wilsonianism and to what extent did it feature and influence in US foreign policy throughout history as well as in the present time - Essay Example Prior to his ascendancy to office, he had served as the head of the Princeton University between 1902 and 1910. From there, he went ahead to be the Governor of New Jersey until the year 1913. As he sought for the presidency, he battled against the Progressive Party’s front man, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Republican leader, William Howard. He attained office through fronting the Democratic Party’s successful onslaught. On attaining office, he influenced the majority Democratic Congress to initiate significant progressive restructuring. He managed to push through more and radical bills than any other president in the country, and the popularity of his bills is second only to the New Deal (Alan, 2006:39). His ideals included the centralized deal Act, the Clayton Antitrust Act, the proceeds levy bill, the central store Act, and the centralized Farm mortgage Act. He also persuaded the current congress to assent to the Adamson Act, which was famous for changing the period of workdays for railroad gangs to 8-hour days. In addition, he later staged a frenzied support scheme to publicize the women’s rights. In 1916, he successfully regained office, and subsequently guided the country’s participation in the World War 1. During this time, he concentrated his focus on the war, and the following peace treaty transactions that went on in Paris. By managing to keep the country from actively participating in the war, he became popular with the local citizens. However, in1917, the German forces forced him to reconsider, when they started attacking the country unprovoked. Thus, in April 1917, he directed congress to declare the country’s official entry into the war. As the war went on raging, Wilson redirected his efforts towards exercising diplomacy, and embarked on analyzing America’s financial status. As he did this, he left the country’s army administration to focus on the war with no imposed restrictions. He went about

Strategic managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Strategic managment - Essay Example The similarities and the differences of both cases can be understood only if referring to key elements of these strategies but also to their background – i.e. the needs that led to the design and the implementation of these strategies and which were the expectations of their initiators; the success of these efforts would be also another issue for consideration especially when evaluating the tools and the analyses used for the development of the particular projects. In Uganda, the DISH project was actively supported by the country’s Ministry of Health. The project focused primarily on the prevention of expansion of HIV and TFRs – also of STD – among the population; a wide range of communication campaigns were developed across the country for a period of 8 years. The project was implemented gradually – i.e. in two phases. Its first phase began in 1994 and lasted for 5 years (see case study). The second phase began in 1999 and lasted for 3 years. In other words, the project was completed on 2002. The communication with the public – through appropriately designed communication campaigns – was the main strategic tool of the specific project. Another detail related with the implementation of the DISH project is the fact that a detailed SWOT analysis was developed before the implementation of the project in the country. The needs of the local society but also the challenges related with the development of thi s project were therefore carefully addressed before the realization of the project’s various activities. Despite the fact that the specific project was initiated by the state (ministry of health) it was developed and monitored by a private organization – Pathfinder International; a series of organizations were participated in the various phases of the project (like the JHU/ CCP and the University of North Carolina). The project was funded by the United States (Agency for International Development). In

Two short essay questions Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Two short questions - Essay Example Oh Dae-su (Choi Min-sik) and Mido (Hye-jeong Kang) of Old Boy are both hypnotized to forget who they are and to fall for each other. Hypnotism removes their free will in controlling their actions. As a result, Dae-Su suffers a fate worse than death, an incestuous relationship with his own daughter because of the vengeance of Woo-jin Lee (Ji-tae Yu) against Dae-Su. Dae-Su almost wants to die because of his sin, which underscore the meaninglessness of life because of the absence of morality. Cheol-su (Woo-sung Jung) loves Su-jin (Ye-jin Son) so much but her mental illness is a great barrier to their happy ending. Hallyu is famous for its tragic endings that underscore realism and humanism in film that made it unique in Hollywood setting (Choi 68). Melodramatic plots feature characters that show the frailty of human life and morality. Hallyu films underscore that families continue to be the lasting source of happiness and identity in modern life that is full of violence and uncertainties. Old Boy and Moment to Remember may have tragic endings but they underscore the importance of families for the protagonists. Their family relationships are crucial to finding meaning in modern life in general and individual identities in specific. Old Boy and Moment to Remember show the significance of family relationships to survival and happiness. Oh Dae-su only wants to be reunited with his family, but his past became the greatest hindrance to his ultimate goal in life- to have a happy family. The melodramatic structure of the film underscores the role of family life to individual happiness (Choi 68). Furthermore, Dae su finds his identity through his love for his family. He wants revenge because his imprisonment took his family away from him, when before, his family is the center of his world. Without his family, his tortured soul experiences

Consumer Behaviour Case Study on Hellman's Essay

Consumer Behaviour Case Study on Hellman's - Essay Example In the highly competitive environment of global business, it becomes hugely important for businesses to study the various factors that influence consumer buying decisions. Kotler and Armstrong (2009) state that marketing broadly meets the needs and requirements of the people. The marketing therefore, provides the necessary linkages to facilitate the awareness, needs and access to the products by the consumers. In the current times, the globalization and technology have contributed to a paradigm shift in the consumer behaviour. The consumer has not only become more informed but is also provided with plethora of choices. Thus, consumer psychology has emerged as one of the most pertinent issues within strategic marketing that impacts purchase behaviour and influences business outcome (Foxall et al., 2005).The paper would be discussing the marketing stimuli used by Hellmann’s to influence consumer’s cognitive, affective and behavioural responses.The paper would also highlig ht Hellmann’s market strategy to influence consumers purchase psychology. Hellmann’s has made a niche market position in the area of food and food ancillary products. Mayonnaise with huge range is its key product along with salad dressing, ketchup, salad cream etc. The last hundred years have seen Hellmann’s evolve as iconic brand with food ingredients that constantly redefine cooking.Indeed, the marketing strategies of Hellmann’s rely fundamentally on the belief that food can be creatively cooked to tempt the palate of the connoisseurs. It use of various consumer psychology marketing stimuli, like bold design, jingles and short, crisp messages, become highly effective elements to connect with its consumers. The theoretical underpinning of marketing tools helps explain the success of its advertisements which are designed to address the needs and requirements of food lovers and housewives. 2. Marketing mix and consumer response Marketing mix strategy uses different platforms of communication and media to influence customers’ perception and subsequently their buying decisions. Internet, television, radio, print media, hoarding etc. are major marketing tools that are exploited to gain market leverage. The 4Ps: product, price, place and promotion are important parts of market mix which determine the level of commitment of the customers and influence their behaviour. Indeed, customer’s purchase decision is motivated by multiple factors and delivers satisfaction from myriad front to earn customer’s long term loyalty. The inter-dependency of resources within the defined system is critical imperative which has huge potential to create not only a sustainable market but also one which is mutually satisfying. Thus, factors that impact consumer behaviour have increasingly become vital inputs for marketers to identify, address and exploit in order to gain competitive advantage in the industry (Solomon et al., 2006). Most imp ortantly, success of the product relies heavily on the impact that it makes

Adult Influence in the Development of Self-awareness in Children Essay Example for Free

Adult Influence in the Development of Self-awareness in Children Essay An individual who has an awareness of who he/she is as a person are said to be happier than those who don’t. Having a strong sense of self enables us to make decisions about how we want to live our lives and pursue our dreams and ambitions. But how does one achieve self-awareness? Self-awareness is a life-long process, it is essentially being able to discover our individuality and come to terms with who we really are. The development of self-awareness is not a one-man show; rather our parents, teachers, peers and the media, constantly influence us. It is my belief that parents and teachers more than any other factor has the greatest influence in the development of our awareness. Thus, parents and teachers help and hinder the development of a child’s self-awareness. Parents and teachers provide the guidance and nurturing that children need to develop their sense of self. On the other hand they can also hinder the child’s quest for awareness if they insist that their child become what they could not be and to expect them to adopt their own worldviews. Read more:  Influences that affect childrens development essay An equal amount of guidance and rootedness will prove to be the best formula for a child to realize who they are as persons. Guiding children in their lives and nurturing their well-being can help children develop their sense of self. When parents and teachers guide children in the decisions they make in their lives it teaches children that they are persons of worth who can make their own decisions. Franeck said that if his parents did not push him to look for a job and live on his own, he might sill be living with his parents and would have become a failure. This shows us that young adults need to be prodded and to be challenged to take that step to live their own lives. Without this gentle prodding they might just stay in the dug-out indefinitely like the so called Importance of adults to a child’s growth to awareness Page#2 â€Å"boomerang kids† who are well-educated young adults and are living at home because they are broke and underemployed (Franeck, ). Teachers also guide children in their own way. They can help children realize who they want to be in the future. Success and achievement contributes to the child’s perception of who he/she is. When teachers tell their students that they are good at what they do, it builds their self-esteem and leads to increased awareness. Malcom X in his autobiography said that his teacher Mr. Ostrowski made him think about his future and what society had to offer him, which led to his awareness of his station in life and the desire to do something about it (The first major, ). Why do parents and teachers’ guidance and nurturance matter? Parents and teachers are the significant adults in every children’s lives thus, children see them as authority figures and what they say or do can leave lasting impressions in a child’s psyche and therefore affects the way he/she thinks of himself/herself. In contrast, when parents become too controlling and expect their children to espouse their own way of life and views without considering their child’s individuality they hinder the development of self-awareness. Likewise, when teachers become judgmental and do not treat his/her students the same way, then he/she hampers self-awareness. Controlling parents are those who impose their own value systems to their children and expect them to behave accordingly. This hampers the development of self-awareness because children are not able to think for themselves, they are not allowed to explore and deal with their individuality. Children become a reflection or a puppet of their parents and they cannot be expected to become mentally healthy and fully functioning individuals. Caroline Hwang (1998) had battled with the anguish of Importance of adults to a child’s growth to awareness Page#3 pleasing her parents and pursuing her dreams because she knew that her parents had sacrificed a lot for her and she was undoubtedly indebted to them, she knew she owed them the fulfillment of her parent’s dreams for her. As an adult, she still has not been able to establish her own identity, is not sure of her future and has not had a real intimate relationship. In the same way, Emilyn Lat’s (1991) experience also portrays how parents can impede a child’s growth of awareness. Lat had parents who did not want her to be Americanized, they dictated what she should and should not do with her social life. She grew alienated from her parents and looked to the government for help, but sadly was frustrated. Her parents threw her out because she refused to be turned into someone she did not want to be. Emilyn realized that society views children as an extension of their parents and not a separate person, thus her growing awareness of her self was painful and traumatic instead of having a healthy sense of awareness of who she is as a person. Teachers who are judgmental also encumber a child’s awareness of himself/herself. Teachers who do not treat their students equally especially if based on prejudice, perpetuate the culture of racial discrimination. To be able to have a sense of self, children should be able to believe in their selves their talents and abilities, when teachers tell them otherwise, it destroys them. Children come to think that they are not good enough, not smart enough to dream and aspire for something in the future. Consequently, when they grow up they become failures because they come to believe what their teachers told them. Then what are the best conditions for a child’s healthy sense of self-awareness? I believe that an equal amount of nurturing, guidance and cultural awareness would be the best provisions Importance of adults to a child’s growth to awareness Page#4 for self-awareness. Children who are guided by their parents, who are acknowledged and given the opportunity to explore their individuality, will grow to have a healthy sense of who they are. In the same way, when children know their roots and their cultural heritage they are more able to become who they want to be. If Emilyn had the same parents like Caroline’s and she had the same tenacity and courage of Emilyn, then both of them would have become the best of what they can be. It is without a doubt that significant adults play a major role in our lives and in developing our sense of self. Parents who are supportive and nurturing communicate the idea that the child is valuable and worthy of such treatment. Parents should be able to raise children by giving them love, the kind of love that helps them develop a positive self-concept and a sense of their worth. Teachers who are responsive to their students also tell children that they are persons who have the capability to achieve their dreams. It is important for each one of us to be able to develop a positive sense of self-awareness for it will help us better understand why we feel what we feel and behave as we behave. This understanding then gives us the opportunity and freedom to change and create the lives that we want. If we do not have the awareness or clarity of our being we will continue to get caught up in our internal dramas, irrational beliefs and negative perceptions of ourselves undermine the way we live our lives. The great Tao Tzu has this to say about self-awareness â€Å"Knowing others is wisdom, knowing yourself is enlightenment†. References Franek, Mark. Parent’s of twixters are at fault (publication details) Hwang, Caroline. The good daughter. Newsweek September 21, 1998 p16 Lat, Emelyn. Emancipated in American Families: Images and Issues (publication details) pp 244- 246 (year) Malcom X. The first major turning point in Emerging Voices: Readings in the American Experience (Publication details) pp 150-152 (year)

Treating Every Child As Unique Individual Children And Young People Essay

Treating Every Child As Unique Individual Children And Young People Essay Children are unique. They are individuals and no two children are alike: physically, emotionally, socially and intellectually, Because children are unique, even if there are common needs and characteristics that children of a particular age or stage of development share, they must be understood by their parents and teachers in their uniqueness, and their individuality must be respected. The benefits of treating every child as unique individual: Help to develop their personalities, talents and abilities irrespective of ethnicity, culture or religion, home language, family background, learning difficulties, disabilities or gender. This guidance helps adults to understand and support each individual childs development pathway. Make child responsible for this own actions, giving him the independence so many seek, typically acting out as teenager while trying to assert his independence. Listen to your advice and reasoning and take the more responsible choice. Treat them as equals in every aspect of your daily life and you will be rewarded with honest, caring children that make good choices that celebrate them for the unique individuals they are. Babies and children are vulnerable and become resilient and confident if they have support from others, also receive the chance to learn about other cultures and develop critical socialization skills that will serve them well. By treat each child as unique individual we designing an environment that positively influencing all areas of childrens development: physical, social /emotional, and cognitive. Language and learning are nurtured in an environment that values and plans appropriate opportunities which can support the development of behaviours that are valued in our society, such as cooperation and persistence. An aesthetically pleasing space can develop a childs appreciation for the beautiful world around them. Help children and youth become full participating citizens of society and help to build a sense of community. Question 2: Describe how the principles of anti-discriminatory practice can be applied to practice. Anti-Discriminatory Practice is an action taken to prevent discrimination against people on the grounds of race, class, gender, disability etc (see entry above). Anti-discriminatory practice promotes equality by introducing anti-discrimination policies in the workplace (i.e. the care settings.), Also known as anti-oppressive practice. All employees in a care setting should promote this practice in the workplace as it is way to combating prejudice, in doing so they are trying to eradicate discrimination and promote equality for service users and for staff. Kind of discrimination: 1.Overt discrimination this is when someone is openly discriminating against an individual, an example of this is a health and social care setting paying a male nurse more money than a female nurse for the same job, directly because of their gender. In the health care sector, overt discrimination is more likely to be seen in the way a patient is treated by staff. 2.Covert discrimination Covert discrimination can be best described as being hidden away. An example of this is three individuals applying for the same job as a nurse; they should all be shortlisted using the same criteria. However, if the shortlist panel decided not to call someone for an interview based on their name or area they lived in, this would be covert discrimination. Children have a right to non-discrimination. This means that all children, without exception, should enjoy their rights to effective protection. The rights of all children and young people are stated in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). The UK government ratified the treaty in 1991 and must ensure that the rights of children in the UK are protected through law. These rights are extensive and include the right to education and the right for children to have their views respected, No child will be discriminated against on the grounds of sex, race, religion, colour or creed. Wherever possible those designated disabled or disadvantaged will be considered for a place, taking into account their individual circumstances and the ability of the nursery to provide the necessary standard of care The promotion of anti-discriminatory practice should underpin all work in settings. It is not sufficient to have policies in place which make statements about anti-discriminatory practice or just to pay lip service to it, they must demonstrate anti-discriminatory practice. They must also monitor the ways that positive practice impacts on the education and well-being of the children and young people. As a member of the care setting team we should share responsibility to ensure that anti-discriminatory practice is promoted, and must also recognise when discrimination is happening. The Nursery will strive to ensure that all services and projects are accessible and Relevant to all groups and individuals in the community within targeted age groups. We will strive to promote equal access to services and projects by taking practical steps such as ensuring access to disabled people and producing material in relevant languages and media. It is important to practice anti -discrimination to ensure that everyone is included and has the opportunity to fully access any areas of learning within the framework. Providing an inclusive environment for children enables them to develop self esteem and confidence. It shows them that they are valued and respected as unique individuals regardless of any additional needs, family and ethnic background, eliminate unlawful discrimination; promote equal opportunities; and promote good relation. The Nursery and staff are committed to: Encourage positive role models, displayed through toys, imaginary play and activities that promote non-stereotyped images. Books will be selected to promote such images of men and women, boys and girls. All children will be encouraged to join in activities, i.e. dressing up, shop, home corner, dolls, climbing on large apparatus, bikes, etc. Regularly review child-care practice to ensure the policy is effective Ensure that individuals are recruited, selected, trained and promoted on the basis of occupational skill requirements. In this respect, the Nursery will ensure that no job applicant or employee will receive less favourable treatment on the grounds of age, gender, marital status, race, religion, colour, cultural or national origin or sexuality, which cannot be justified as being necessary for the safe and effective performance of the work or training for the work Question 3: Describe why it is important to plan activities that meet the individual needs of children. Children of different ages have different needs. These needs are based on each childs stage of growth and development. Remember that two children of the same age can be similar in some ways but different in other ways. Try to understand the unique characteristics of each child. This helps children to feel good about them. This will also help you plan activities that are developmentally appropriate for each child. Appropriate activities help children learn and are lots of fun. The planning process helps to set goals for children and aims for staff. It is directed at what children need and defines how the practitioners supporting them are going to provide for this effectively. Planning also means the environment is kept fresh and children are given new choices in their play. The importance of planning activates meeting childrens individuals needs is: Promote development. Some children develop and learn faster than others and it is partly our responsibility to ensure all childrens needs are cared for no matter what stage of development they are at. Identify the exact learning needs of children by carrying out observations which can show us clearly what stage of development each individual child is at, to compare each child against milestones for that age and stage of development and then we begin to plan to meet the learning needs of certain children who are not meeting milestones and also plan to accommodate for those children who are over excelling the milestones. Children will develop better if there are adequate numbers of staff/adults present, taking into account the correct staff ratios for each particular age of children. With more hands on around the setting children will benefit greatly so Plan how many adults/staff should be present for a particular day/activity, by doing so there is a higher chance of meeting all of the childrens needs. Have successful planning that will support childrens independence, and a well organised environment that will make it easy for the children to find and to put away activities of their choosing. This doesnt mean rigidity, lack of choice or the loss of spontaneity for children. The well-designed and carefully structured environment will be planned in a way that means those working with children are clear and confident about developmental, play or learning needs, and what and how they are providing for these needs . Effective planning means that contingencies can be dealt with easily, so staff know where and how they can source materials quickly and according to the required need of the child, Good planning allows opportunities for change to occur and provides a backdrop of support for childrens all-round development. Question 4: Explain how the practitioner can promote childrens physical and emotional well-being within an early years setting. When children have positive early experiences with physical activity they are more likely to enjoy being active later in life and this will contribute to their long term physical, social and psychological health. Children benefit from having a wide choice of gross motor experiences that are non-competitive and focussed on having fun. The role of the practitioner in supporting childrens physical and emotional well-being To provide a balanced programme of activities to support the physical development and well being of the children To provide sufficient space (indoors and outdoors), time and resources to allow effective physical development Providing material and equipment for the improvement of fine motor skills Providing cooking, sewing, woodwork and other activities to enhance hand-eye coordination. To provide time, opportunity and support for children with motor impairments or physical disabilities to develop their physical skills.   If appropriate this will include working with outside agencies such as physiotherapists The programme of work should include some or all of the following types of activity: Movement: 1. Group games involving running, jumping and hopping. 2. Group games involving movement followed by stopping. 3. Moving to music. 4. Balancing activities and games. 5. Play on a range of landscapes. Sense of Space: Role plays activities giving children the opportunity to create pathways. 2. Giving the children the opportunity to create their own spaces (e.g. tent from blankets). 3. Group games that involve following or imitating. 4. Encourage games and activities that involve sharing resources with other children. 5. Discussions about body parts and bodily activity . 6. Singing action songs (e.g. Head, shoulders, knees and toes). Health and Bodily Awareness 1. Discussions about keeping safe, fit and healthy. 2. Discussions about eating a healthy diet. 3. Encouraging children to make decisions by choosing between different types of food. 4. Making and eating food from a range of cultures that can form part of a healthy diet. 5. Providing opportunities for children to talk about health issues. When we talk about emotional development, we are referring to childrens growing ability to: Identify and understand their own feelings Accurately read and understand the feelings of others Manage the way they feel Shape the way they behave Develop empathy for others, and Build and keep good relationships with friends, family and others. From the time they are born, children quickly develop their abilities to experience and express different emotions, as well as their capacity to cope with and manage a variety of feelings. To support the childrens emotional well-being practitioner roles are: Work in partnership with parents in order to find out about the childs experiences, culture and home background, to build up a profile of each child, using information supplied by parents as the starting point. Being warm and affectionate towards them. Giving them the opportunity to express how they feel , Help the children gain an understanding of their feelings through the use of books, board games, puppets, interactive storytelling or role-plays and Help children to understand the difference between their own and other peoples feelings. Making them feel secure and valued Giving children time and attention to adjust to new situations Observe the childs nonverbal behaviour for clues as to how he or she is feeling. Problem solve with the child by encouraging him or her to think of options and decide what constructive action to take Keep lines of communication open.

Meeting the Needs of a Dying Patient

Meeting the Needs of a Dying Patient Title: caring for a patient who is dying is an experience most nurses will face at some stage of their career. With reference to patients you have cared for, describe how you were able to meet the needs of dying patients. As a certainty, all of us will have to face death at some stage. Some of us are fortunate enough to be able to do so with caring, supportive and empathetic people around us. (Seale C et al. 2003). Nurses must be able to discharge their professional responsibilities in this area with this comment in mind. In this short essay we will explore how a nurse can empathise, understand and assist the patient in dealing with the various issues that arise. We will discuss these issues in relation to one specific case, Mrs G. The case was complex, but, in essence, it involved a lady who had just been given a terminal diagnosis and entered into a phase of complete denial and overt avoidance behaviour. She would change the subject when talking about her health and keep herself almost manically occupied with trivial tasks so as not to have to consider the reality of the situation. Dobrantz (2005) points to the fact that it is well recognised that some patients deal with life crises simply by ignoring them, other will use mechanisms of varying degrees of cognitive distortion (CDs), which may range from undue optimism to complete denial (as Mrs.G did). The main nursing dilemma here is should the nurse actively confront Mrs.G’s denial and allow her to see the reality of the situation or is it perhaps kinder to allow her to continue in her state of overt denial. (Dean A. 2002) On first analysis, one might take the view that, given the fact that Mrs.G had only a short time left to live, it might be a kindness to allow her not to confront the psychological pain of anticipating her imminent death. Against this argument is the concept of â€Å"a good death†. (Cuttini et al. 2003). Many authorities (viz. Roy C 1991) that in order for a patient to have â€Å"a good death†, they need time to accept the inevitable and to mentally come to terms with it, make what preparations they need (financial, practical, spiritual, personal) so that they can approach it in a calm and considered way. Clearly this cannot be achieved if they are actively entering into a degree of denial about the situation. (The A-M et al. 2000) Demonstrate ability to apply relevant nursing knowledge to individualised patient care The immediate therapeutic problem to be confronted by the healthcare professionals involved is to decide the degree of collusion with the denial that can be ethically employed. (Sugarman J Sulmasy 2001). To a degree, this is a matter of personal and clinical judgement. Most experienced healthcare professionals would suggest that truth is generally the best policy, the degree of truth however, can be a matter of negotiation. (Parker and Lawton 2003). The important concept to embrace in this type of situation is that of individualised patient care. In order to come to a considered decision, the nurse must carefully consider all the elements of the patient’s coping mechanisms and assume a holistic approach to the matter. We note that the concept of holistic care can best be visualised with the understanding that the concept of â€Å"Health† is based on a translation of the Anglo Saxon word for â€Å"wholeness† (or holism). The key to this approach is that it recognises that health has both spiritual and psycho-social elements as well as the overtly physical. (Wright et al 2001) The main elements of managing Mrs.G ‘s case seem to revolve around the ethical concept of autonomy (Coulter A. 2002). One has to make a professional decision whether or not Mrs.G is considered to have the right to make completely autonomous decisions for herself. In many clinical situations (such as consent, for example), the issue of autonomy is virtually inviolate. There are other situations, and we suggest that this is one, where other ethical principles may take precedence. The Principle of Beneficence suggests that the healthcare professional should effectively do â€Å"goodness† or more accurately in these circumstances, as doing what is the best for the patient. (Dordrecht et al. 1983 Demonstrate ability to make own judgment and decisions based upon the evaluation of the nursing situation. There are a number of nursing models which could be used to construct a response to this situation. They all assimilate the general nursing scheme of assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. (Fawcett J 2005) The Roper, Logan, Tierney model (2000) would be appropriate to assess the activities of daily living in a problem solving manner, but this process is primarily of use in those situations that are physically orientated and therefore the psychological denial element is not clearly addressed by this model. The Roy Adaptation model (Roy 1991) is certainly more useful in explaining the adaptive processes that the patient experiences as they come to terms with the â€Å"illness role†. Mrs.G however, did not adapt and, by adopting a strategy of denial, was able to maintain her belief of â€Å"wellness† almost until the end, when her illness eventually forced her into accepting it. In real terms, Mrs.G did not adapt at all. The Johnson Behavioural System model (Wilkerson et al 1996) suits our purposes better as it clearly describes the processes of illness denial, but it doses not combine it with the adaptive processes that eventually overtook Mrs.G at the end of her life. Wadenstein (et al. 2003) sums up this type of situation with the conclusion that when there is multifactorial aetiology in a given situation there is seldom one nursing model that will encompass all eventualities. Conclusions Mrs.J.’s emotional pain of trying to cope with imminent death was clearly too great for her to assimilate. This must be understood by her medical attendants if she is to have a â€Å"good death† (Marks-Moran Rose 1996) In order to try to provide Mrs.G with the best care that she could have, the clinical staff tried to help Mrs.G towards the realisation that she should confront her own imminent mortality. Unfortunately for all concerned, this proved to be impossible and Mrs.G died about two weeks after her admission, only openly acknowledging the imminence of her death when she became too weak to lift a cup of tea to her mouth on the day before she died. Arguably, when this acceptance came home to her, the nursing staff were actually able to help and support her more than Mrs.G had allowed them to in the preceding two weeks. (Yura H et al. 1998 References Coulter A. 2002 The autonomous patient. London: The Nuffield Trust, 2002. Cuttini, Veronica Casotto, Rodolfo Saracci, and Marcello Orzalesi 2003 In search of a good death: Health professionals beliefs may undermine effective pain relief for dying patients BMJ 2003 327 : 222. Dean A. 2002 Talking to dying patients of their hopes and needs. Nurs Times. 2002 Oct 22-28 ; 98( 43) : 34-5. Dobratz, M 2005 Gently Into the Light: A Call for the Critical Analysis of End-of-Life Outcomes. Advances in Nursing Science. Nursing Care Outcomes. 28(2):116-126, April/June 2005 Dordrecht: Kluwer. Beauchamp, T. and Childress, J., 1983, Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 2nd edition., New York: Oxford University Press. 1983 Fawcett J 2005 Contemporary Nursing Knowledge: Analysis and Evaluation of Nursing Models and Theories, 2nd Edition Boston: Davis Co 2005 ISBN : 0-8036-1194-3 Marks-Moran Rose 1996 Reconstructing Nursing: Beyond Art and Science London: Balliere Tindall October, 1996 Parker and Lawton 2003 Psychological contribution to the understanding of adverse events in health care Qual. Saf. Health Care, Dec 2003; 12: 453 457. Roper, Logan and Tierney (2000) Activities of Living model London : Churchill Livingstone 2000 ISBN 0443063737 Roy C 1991 An Adaption model (Notes on the Nursing theories Vol 3) OUP: London 1991 Seale C, van der Geest S. 2003 Good and bad death: introduction. Soc Sci Med. 2003. 58 (5) : 883–885. Sugarman J Sulmasy 2001 Methods in Medical Ethics Georgetown Univeristy Press 2001 ISBN: 0878408738 The A-M, Hak T, Koeter G, Wal Gvd. 2000 Collusion in doctor-patient communication about imminent death: an ethnographic study. BMJ 2000 ; 321 : 1376-1381 Wadensten Carlsson 2003 Nursing theory views on how to support the process of ageing J. of Advanced Nursing Volume 42, Number 2, April 2003, pp. 118-124(7) Wilkerson, S. A., Loveland-Cherry, C. J. (1996). Johnson’s behavioral system model. In J. J. Fitzpatrick A.L. Whall (Eds.), Conceptual models of nursing: Analysis and application (3rd ed., pp. 89-109). Stamford, CT: Appleton Lange. 1996 Wright S, Sayre-Adams J. 2001 Sacred space: right relationship in health and healing: not just what we do but who we are. In: Rankin-Box D, ed. The nurses handbook of complementary therapies. 2nd ed. London: Baillià ¨re Tindall, 2001. Yura H, Walsh M. 1998 The nursing process. Assessing, planning, implementing, evaluating. 5th edition. Norwalk, CT: Appleton Lange, 1998. =============================================================== 9.5.06 PDG Word count

Sports in Tibet :: Buddhism Recreation Culture Papers

Sports in Tibet When one hears mention of Tibet certain things initially come to mind, most commonly images of an isolated, peaceful, extremely religious society. One of the last things one would imagine from such a seemingly docile people would be a history deeply entwined with athletic showmanship, yet this actually is the case. Unfortunately most historians overlook this pivotal piece of information when studying the Tibetans’ rich culture and consequently the casual scholar rarely sees this side of the Tibetan people. One of the factors that may have influenced this attitude towards Tibetan sports is that the Dalai Lama has in fact previously banned certain sports citing various religious reasons. This may lead people to believe that the Dalai Lama and Tibetan Buddhism, in principal, are against all sport, although in reality many of the Dalai Lamas have been quite the opposite. The banning of certain sports was mainly due to the fear of outside influence corrupting Tibet as o pposed to actual problems with the sports themselves. Tibetans have a strong historical bond with sport and use religion as an excuse to expel foreign authority. Sports have played an integral role in defining the culture of Tibet. They are commonplace at the various religious festivals throughout the year. Oftentimes entire religious festivals are based around traditional athletic sporting events. Sir Charles Bell, an English diplomat who was an intimate of the thirteenth Dalai Lama, witnessed one of these annual festivals noting that, During the concluding days of the ‘Great Prayer’ there were sports of various kinds, gun-firing and arrow-shooting on galloping ponies, a pony race without riders, a foot-race over a 6-mile course, wrestling, and the carrying of a heavy weight. These sports are presided over by two masters of ceremonies, who are chosen from the youngest officials just beginning their career. They are attended by a large staff, including six Maids of Honour chosen from the ladies of Lhasa.[1] Heinrich Harrer, another westerner who found himself immersed in Tibetan culture, witnessed a similar annual festival, this one taking place during the Tibetan New Year.[2] Both of these festivals show the deep connection between religious activities and athletic events. The sporting events not only take place during religiously significant festivals but they are presided over by monks and other religious figures. Sports in Tibet :: Buddhism Recreation Culture Papers Sports in Tibet When one hears mention of Tibet certain things initially come to mind, most commonly images of an isolated, peaceful, extremely religious society. One of the last things one would imagine from such a seemingly docile people would be a history deeply entwined with athletic showmanship, yet this actually is the case. Unfortunately most historians overlook this pivotal piece of information when studying the Tibetans’ rich culture and consequently the casual scholar rarely sees this side of the Tibetan people. One of the factors that may have influenced this attitude towards Tibetan sports is that the Dalai Lama has in fact previously banned certain sports citing various religious reasons. This may lead people to believe that the Dalai Lama and Tibetan Buddhism, in principal, are against all sport, although in reality many of the Dalai Lamas have been quite the opposite. The banning of certain sports was mainly due to the fear of outside influence corrupting Tibet as o pposed to actual problems with the sports themselves. Tibetans have a strong historical bond with sport and use religion as an excuse to expel foreign authority. Sports have played an integral role in defining the culture of Tibet. They are commonplace at the various religious festivals throughout the year. Oftentimes entire religious festivals are based around traditional athletic sporting events. Sir Charles Bell, an English diplomat who was an intimate of the thirteenth Dalai Lama, witnessed one of these annual festivals noting that, During the concluding days of the ‘Great Prayer’ there were sports of various kinds, gun-firing and arrow-shooting on galloping ponies, a pony race without riders, a foot-race over a 6-mile course, wrestling, and the carrying of a heavy weight. These sports are presided over by two masters of ceremonies, who are chosen from the youngest officials just beginning their career. They are attended by a large staff, including six Maids of Honour chosen from the ladies of Lhasa.[1] Heinrich Harrer, another westerner who found himself immersed in Tibetan culture, witnessed a similar annual festival, this one taking place during the Tibetan New Year.[2] Both of these festivals show the deep connection between religious activities and athletic events. The sporting events not only take place during religiously significant festivals but they are presided over by monks and other religious figures.