The Black Hearts of Men Essay Example for Free

The Black Hearts of manpower EssayJohn Stauffer, in his book The Black Hearts of Men sets out to make one candid point through four men. He aims to bring to light the unified and revolutionary goals of what he describes as the only true revolutionaries among antebellum abolitionists. These were John brownish, Frederick Douglass, Dr. mob McCune Smith, and Gerrit Smith. By describing for the first time these personalities and their actions as a form of sociological struggle, Stauffer sheds new light on a dark moment in American historyOne of the goals that Stauffer is intent upon is proving that these essential figures beliefs were more than full religion and reform only more specifically religion and class. This is an important distinction, because by attempting to uphold this the author will show perhaps a bit more far reaching importance of their work. Rather than treat them as isolated agents of change, he treats them as representatives of a social construct. This then lends more credence to their ideals and the criticism of the society in which they lived. Stauffer does an especially good job in proving this in chapter empower Glimpsing Gods World on Earth.Here, nearly contrary to the title he analyzes this view. Especially focusing on the better known John Brown (as comp bed to the others in the book), he shows that the struggles to change society were just that an effort to change equalities of classes and not just a blind attempt to change laws. Another important facet of Stauffers writing appears to be his rejuvenation of the history of Gerrit Smith. Despite the fact that the book features aspects of the very well known Douglass, and the infamous Brown, it is the focusing of memoir on Smith that sets this book a donation from others on the subject.In this look, too, he restresses the vitality of his original point about the abolitionist movement being part of a greater class struggle, and therefore more important to Americas history tha n generally related. Each chapter returns to Smith in some way and with some new angle, to bring out the key figures integral part in the events. This in an unexpected thing, and again is successful. Chapter 5, Bible political sympathies and the Creation of the Alliance shows how this is accomplished. What is expected is a religious treatment on how everyone should be equal and loved.However, what is discussed is Smiths vision that the Bible is a socio-political light beam that can be used not to justify merely universal love, but as a catalyst for social change. It is Smith that is given reference point by Stauffer, and perhaps very justly, for the larger guiding principles of the movement. The third function of The Black Hearts of Men is to bring out into the open the unjust blindness the country has regarding Smith, Brown, Smith and Douglass. Even worse is the general ignorance of them shown by even their contemporary abolitionists as soon as 1874.According to Stauffer, the h istory of these men, their aims and their achievements began to fade as soon as their alliance was broken. Certainly Douglasss fierce orations on the subject of slavery are remembered in textbooks today. Likewise, John Brown and his daring fall apart on Harpers Ferry are also found in ordinary retellings of the Civil War. However, there is no mention neither Gerrit Smith, nor Dr. mob McCune Smith. In point of fact, these latter two are not only unmentioned, but are completely forgotten throughout history in its popular sense.Perhaps worst of all, Stauffer implies, is that the connections between even the two remembered figures are severed. There is no sense of a joined movement or ideals between the two. They are just revolutionaries who are known for their behaviors and actions, not shared sense of a larger, social and class related revolution. They were out to form the perfect world but are only known as abolitionist icons. John Stauffers aims of his book are far-reaching and accomplished. The Black Hearts of Men is successful because it accomplished the likeness of its purposes.It brings to light the unified and revolutionary goals of what he describes as the true revolutionaries among antebellum abolitionists and their personal histories are properly rejuvenated. Most importantly, the book succeeds in showing just how much more there was to the abolitionist movement not just revolutionary zeal, but agent for sociological change. ? BIBLIOGRAPHY John Stauffer. The Black Hearts of Men Radical Abolitionists and the Transformation of Race. Cambridge, MA Harvard UP, 2001.

The Supreme Court Essay Example for Free

The Supreme Court EssayFACTS This case involves the pupils in a Dade County Junior High School who attain filed for modify and declaratory relief with regard to the allegations that the students were subjected to corporal penalty which violated their constitutional rights. The school board argued in response that such corporal punishment was allowed to a lower place the regulations that were released authorizing such punishment to be carried out under strict specifications.ISSUES The first issue here is whether or non the execution of such corporal punishment falls under the inhibition on cruel and unusual punishment contained in the Eight Amendment. The second issue in this case is whether or not the Fourteenth Amendment requires notice and hearing before the imposition of corporal punishmentHELD Anent the first issue, the Supreme Court ruled that the Cruel and Unusual Punishment clause under the Eighth Amendment does not apply to disciplinary corporal punishment in scho ols. The Supreme Court reasoned that the jurisprudence has consistently maintained that the prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment only applies to protect those who have been charged and convicted of crimes. On the second issue, the Supreme Court held that notice and hearing is not required for the imposition of the corporal punishment in public schools. The essential consideration in this matter is that the corporal punishment not exceed the limitations that have been set.

Transforming Monocots Using Agrobacterium

Transforming Monocots Using AgrobacteriumAgrobacterium tumefaciens is said to infect dicots naturally. What atomic number 18 the authorisation obstacles in Agrobacterium-mediated duty period of monocotyledons? Discuss how did the find (success in transforming monocots utilise Agrobacterium) come about? (60 marks)Gene transfer employ Agrobacterium is a method of transferring components by development a carrier to insert the broker of interest into the recipient host ins tall cells. This technology is based on the discovery of infection tumor in the dicotyledone plants caused by a bacterium, named Agrobactertum tumerfaciens. The species Agrobacterium is a soil bacterium which is capable to infect and caused plant wound and then developed into crown galls, normally organize at the trunk of many types of dicot plants. This Agrobactereium spp. has a special DNA, which has a small ring inside the cytoplasm called Ti plasmid (tumour inducing plasmid). On the Ti plasmid, there is a DNA fragment called T-DNA (transfer DNA) which contains the gene causing crown galls development. Plant cells flummox genes to code for the production of auxin and cytokinin, the two plant hormones which are used as energy sources by Agrobacterium. The use of Ti plasmid in gene transfer into plants is done by replacing the gene tie in to plant hormone production and the gene producing opine substance with the desirable trait gene on the T-DNA and then using the Agrobacterium to transfer the gene to the plant chromosomes.Transformation of dicotyledenous plants using Agrobacterium tumefaciens has been well established and widely used but not so in the case of monocotyledonous plants. The potential obstacle in Agrobacterium-mediated transition of monocot plants includesAgrobacterium is responsive to phenolic compounds such as acetosyringone which are produced when the plant was wounded. The released phenolic compound from the wounded plant cells will stimulate the performance of vi r gene on the Ti plasmid, leading to the transferring T-DNA to the plant chromosome. Most of the dicot plants produced this phenolic compound. On the new(prenominal) hand, approximately monocot plants did not produce the compounds or produced it in a smaller quantity, therefore resulted in the low efficiency of the Agrobacterium fixing. Furthermore, the wounded cells in the monocot plants reckon less than in dicot plants.Tissue browning and necrosis following Agrobacterium infection is calm a major obstacles especially in cereals. For grammatical case in case of wheat, following Agrobacterium infection, wheat embryo and root cells may produce hydrogen peroxide, which altered cell wall decomposition and resulted in a risqueer level of cellular necrosis and subsequently caused cell death. However the improvement method to resolve the cell death and to improve the transmutation efficiency has been demonstrated in cereals (Frame et al., 2002)Apart from necrosis, physical charact eristic and genotype, other factors affected transformation efficiency are strains of Agrobacterium used, binary vector, selectable marker gene and promoter, inoculation and co-culture conditions, inoculation and co-culture medium, osmotic treatment, desiccation, Agrobacterium density and surfactants, tissue culture and regeneration medium (Cheng et al., 2004).The Agrobacterium has specificity in attaching monocot plants. Most of monocot plants with significant economic value are not hosts of the Agrobacterium, therefore the transformation efficiency involving them is low (Lippincott, 1978).Explants type, quality and source also affect the transformation efficiency competitor example embryogenic callus derived from mature seed of rice was reported to be the best explant for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of rice due to its active cell division (Hiei et al., 1994).The breakthrough on the transformation of monocot plants using Agrobacterium started when Hiei et al. (1994), do ne a research on japonica rice. They reported a stable transformation of Japonica rice by using Agrobacterium. They reported results of evaluations using molecular and genetic analysis on the R0, R1 and R2 progenies. The LBA 4404, the super-binary vector of Agrobacterium strain was demonstrated as the most effective vector for the transformation of three Japonica cultivars tested. Their success has open up the possibility of using Agrobacterium for transforming monocot plants such as maize, barleycorn and wheat.In 1996, Ishida et al., has done a transformation research on maize by using a similar approach as developed by Hiei et al (1994). Their transformation efficiency was further improved by the appurtenance of silver nitrate in the culture medium. Other factors that may influence transformation efficiency were also investigated that included incubation time and co-cultivation period.Zhao et al. (2002) optimized the transformation conditions based on Ishidas protocol and it was demonstrated that maize can be transformed with high efficiency by using Agrobacterium method. The gene transfer was done by using a combination of standard binary vector with the addition of antioxidant cysteine in the co-culture medium. In the same year, other researchers included had demonstrated that elite maize cultivars could also be transformed by using Agrobacterium-medated transformation method. concisely after maize, the successful Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of wheat and barley was reported (Jones H.D, 2005, Tingay et al., 1997). Compared with rice and maize, progress with wheat and barley has been slower. Various factors that influence the transformation efficiency have been further investigated. It was reported that the use of surfactant such as Silwett L-77 and desiccation treatment during co-cultivation increased the transformation efficiency of wheat.In the case of barley, since the success of Tingay et al., (1997) in transforming barley by using Agrobacte rium, a number of other researchers around the world have reported the successful production of transgenic barley plants. However majority of the successful reports of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of barley are restricted with model genotype golden promise and igri. Therefore, optimizations of parameters are required to extend the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation in other elite barley cultivars.The transformation of sorghum is the least successfully manipulated. Zhao et al. (2000) developed an efficient Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system for sorghum and from the research it showed that the embryos from the field had higher transformation frequency than those from the greenhouse. Other transformation of monocotyledon plant reported such as Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of turfgrasses, such as creeping bentgrass (Yu et al., 2000), Italian ryegrass (Bettany et al., 2003), and tall fescue (Wang and Ge, 2005) were also reported.Although the delivery of fo reign gene into several monocot species via Agrobacterium tumefaciencs has now become a routine technique, there are still serious limitations on the used of this technology on other major monocots. In order to achieve better success in transforming monocot using Agrobacterium, many factors and conditions were being investigated, such as selection of which target tissues which are highly responsive, adjustment of gene transfer conditions to increase the possibility of Agrobacterium attachment into the cell by adding phenolic substances such acetosyringone during co-cultivation period or in co-cultivation medium, that are similar to the substance released by plant cells when they are naturally wounded, using efficient promoter gene to stimulate the expression of the gene in monocot plants and the used of super-virulent of Agrobacterium strains to increase the transformation efficiency (Cheng et al., 2004).

Design Of Enterprise It Solution Big Bazaar Information Technology Essay

invention Of Enterprise It Solution knocked out(p)size bazar Information Technology show sizable bazar is a chain of hypermarkets in India, with more than 100 break ins in operation. It is a subsidiary of Future Group Venture Ltds, and follows the telephone circuit representative of United States- al-Qaidad Wal-Mart. Big funfair, is the chain of retail stores of the big banner Pantaloon Retail (India) Ltd., which in turn is a segment of the Kishore Biyani, regulated Future Group of Companies. tho the node friendly ambiance and the organized retailing of products also make Big Bazaar wholeness of the successful retail companies in India.1. Big Bazaar OverviewBig Bazaar hypermarket is offering a huge array of goods of good quality for executely at affordable prices. Big Bazaar has no uncertainty make a big name in the retail industry of India, moreover shopping here is gain ground made a memorable m another(prenominal) with the varied rates of discounts on products as well as discount vouchers available in a variety of amounts, like INR 2000, INR 3000, INR 4000, INR 5000 and INR 10000 on both Big Bazaar products and accessories.1.1 Product range in Big BazaarThis large format store comprises of almost every(prenominal)thing required by people from several(predicate) income groups. The added advantage for the customers shopping in Big Bazaar is that there argon all time discounts and promotional offers going on in the Big Bazaar on its saleable products.1.2 Signifi batht Features of Big BazaarShopping in the Big Bazaar is a great experience as one bed find almost everything under the same roof. It has different features which caters all the needs of the shoppers. Some of the significant features of Big Bazaar argon1.3 Big Bazaar- ObjectiveIn this new era, design is helping companies to sell differentiated experiences and solutions that connect with the consumers emotions.Its not just the matter of selling products and services nor just compl eting transactions in the need to achieve targets. Every customer is an opportunity to build a relationship and invite the customer to become a part of the new transformational scenario. Design wariness is helping us position the customer at the centre of every decision we take and also operate with true entrepreneurial spirit.1.4 Big Bazaar- Target customersBig Bazaar targets drop dead and upper ticker class customers beca using up there has been growth in Indian middle class that has so furthest been used to buying app bel and groceries from small and cluttered unorganised shops is fast realizing the joys of visiting malls that have redefined the freedom to shop and entertain. Such malls are the new temples of waste and weekend entertainment.1.5 Food BazaarFood Bazaar (Future Group) is a Private Sector brass section that offers services in Retail with Annual Total overthrow of 250-500 Crores and with Employee Strength of 501-1000.2. Vision and Mission2.1 VisionFuture Group shall deliver everything, everywhere, every time for every Indian Consumer the most profitable manner.2.2 MissionWe make out the vision and belief that our customers and stakeholders shall be served yet by creating and executing future scenarios in the consumption space leading to economic development.We entrust be trend stupefyters in the evolving speech format, creating retail realty, making consumption affordable for all customer segments- for classes and masses.We shall infuse Indian brands with confidence and renewed ambition.We shall be good and cost sensible and committed to quality in whatever we do.We shall ensure that our positive attitude, sincerity, humility and united determination shall be the driving force to make us successful.3. Organisation Chart4. EXISTING ARCHITECTURE of IT System(Hardware)The community cites a 3 story architecture.Figure 1 Source www.cardisoft.eu4.1 Client The client represents the face of IS, through which tuition relating to various retail operations could be keyed in and data stored in database can be extracted. It constituted the Terminals at the counters.4.2 Application emcee The middle tier will comprise of clustered hordes also called transaction hosts, as they drive on transactions taking place in the big bazaar. This is essential for the constitution to handle high workloads, especially during peak hours. The middle tier will serve as an interface between the clients and the database. The application waiter runs on a Dell Server.4.3 Database Server The database legion will receive and process queries get from the middle tier transaction bonifaces. All the data will be stored in this database server. The database server is located in Mumbai. The system runs on a HP Super dome server on HP UNIX 11i and the database is from Oracle.4.4 Inventory circumspection For this bar-coding is used. most 80 bar-coding machines are used in Calicut Big bazaar branch.4.5 Personnel exertment For this attendanc e swapping machines are in place to keep track of in and out time of workees. Also an IT system, called the PECK system, is used for robotic raiseing of items whose stock goes below a minimum prescribed level. The reorder level depends on the Minimum Base Quantity (MBQ). Suppose,MBQ = 10Reorder level = 5Now, whenever the quantity of this item in stock goes below 5, an automatic purchase order is sent to the centralised warehouse.5. ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING IT INFRASTRUCTURE5.1 sucker ERP (R/3)The SAP ERP application is an integrated enterprise imaging figurening (ERP) software manufactured by SAP AG that targets business software requirements of midsize and large organizations in all industries and orbits. It allows for open communication within and between all company economic consumptions for Big Bazaar. With the climax of distributed client-server computing SAP AG brought out a client-server version of the software called SAP R/3 (The R was for Real-time data processing and 3 was for 3-tier). This new architecture is compatible with multiple platforms and operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows or UNIX. This opened up SAP to a whole new customer base like retail market such as Big Bazaar. SAP R/3 was arranged into distinct functional mental facultys, covering the regular(prenominal) functions in place in an organization. The most widely used modules were Financials and Controlling (FICO), Human Resources (HR), Materials vigilance (MM), gross revenue Distribution (SD), and Production Planning (PP).Each module handles unique(predicate) business tasks on its own, but is linked to the others where applicable. For example, an bank bill from the billing transaction of Sales Distribution of Big Bazaar would pass through to accounting, where it will appear in accounts receivable and cost of goods sold.5.2 Technology of SAP ERP(R/3)SAP based the architecture of R/3 on a three-tier client/server as stated above in infrastructure.Client ServerAppl ication ServerDatabase Server5.2.1 Client ServerThe Client server is actually a program named sapgui.exe. It is usually installed on a exploiters workstation. To start it, the user double-clicks on an icon on the desktop or chooses a menu path. When started, the presentation server displays the R/3 menus within a window. This window is commonly known as the SAPGUI, or the user interface (or simply, the interface). The interface accepts input from the user in the form of keystrokes, mouse-clicks, and function keys, and sends these requests to the application server to be processed. The application server sends the results back to the SAPGUI which and then formats the output for display to the user.5.2.2 Application ServerAn application server is a collection of practicable s that collectively interprets the ABAP/4 (Advanced Business Application Programming / 4th Generation) programs and manages the input and output for them. When an application server is started, these executable s all start at the same time. When an application server is stopped, they all shut vanquish together. The come up of processes that start up when you bring up the application server is defined in a single configuration file called the application server compose. Each application server has a profile that specifies its characteristics when it starts up and while it is running. For example, an application server profile specifies numerate of processes and their types, amount of memory each process may use, length of time a user is inactive sooner being automatically logged off.The Application layer consists of one or more application servers and a message server. Each application server contains a chastise of services used to run the R/3 system. Not practical, only one application server is needed to run an R/3 system. But in practice, the services are distributed across more than one application server. This means that not all application servers will pass on the full range of services. The message server is responsible for communication between the application servers. It passes requests from one application server to another within the system. It also contains study about application server groups and the current load balancing within them. It uses this breeding to choose an appropriate server when a user logs onto the system.The application server exists to interpret ABAP/4 programs, and they only run there-the programs do not run on the presentation server. An ABAP/4 program can start an executable on the presentation server, but an ABAP/4 program cannot execute there. If your ABAP/4 program requests information from the database, the application server will format the request and send it to the database server.cvb.5.2.3 Database ServerThe database server handles the users request for addition, retrieval and modifications in the data. The system runs on a HP Super dome server on HP UNIX 11i and the database is from Oracle. It is located in Mumbai and centrally stores data for each Big Bazaar in these small cities.5.3 Implementation of SAP ERPSAP ERP in Big Bazaar consists of several modules including utilities for selling and sales, field service, product design and development, production and inventory control, human resources, finance and accounting. SAP ERP collects and combines data from the separate modules to provide the Big Bazaar with enterprise resource planning.Although there can be major benefits for Big Bazaar of SAP ERP, the implementation and training costs are expensive. It has overcome with problems when implementing SAP ERP software, such as failing to specify their operation objectives, absence of a strong commitment or positive approach to change, failing to deal with organizational differences, failing to plan the change to SAP ERP properly, inadequate testing. All these factors which cause unsuccessful implementation of SAP ERP didnt affect in Big Bazaar and it came successfully in overcoming them. SAP ERP is implemented correctly in BIG BAZAAR due to which it has gone from its old calculations system to a fully integrated software package. Potential benefits that it had gained from it are efficient business process, inventory reduction, and lead time reduction.An integral part of the implemented IT infrastructure is the SAP Enterprise Resource planning system. The package has a range of functions and provides a range of benefits to the company in the following areas5.3.1 Billing SystemThe company has successfully implemented an ERP system with a comprehensive set of accounting applications. This helps in integrating the cost, profit, and revenue information of sales that are made, and presents in a granular way. The system is a very robust one that has failed only once in the past 3 years.5.3.2 Inventory ReplenishmentInventory management is a very captious function for a store like Big Bazaar that deals with a variety of products involving wide categories like FMCG, Staple item s, fruits, vegetables, footwear, etc. All these different products required different levels of inventory. A date structure is set up based on the past data for each data which allows the company to be informed of when their inventory should be updated. This is important, because it allows the company to keep close track of their stock and helps maintain communication simple between different units of the supply chain management5.3.3 Order TrackingOn the business side ERP is reusable in order tracking. When the company receives orders for a product, being able to properly track the orders allows the company to get detailed information on their customers and marketing strategies. If different software packages are being used, this data may not be consistent.5.3.4 Customer Relationship ManagementERP is highly useful in Customer Relationship Management as it helps in providing the best customer services by immediately attending the customer queries and with timely delivery of product s. All customer waitings have been effectively removed by the implementation of the ERP system as it aids in resolving the customer payments well before the scheduled deadline.6. Why Outsourcing?The reasons which drove Big Bazaar to outsource to Wipro Technologies areBig Bazaar is a fully centralized system in consolidation with the Mumbai Head office. The payment of all the stakeholders are been done through Mumbai branch. A message is triggered to the Mumbai Head Office the instant the inventory level falls below a minimum prescribed level the optimum quantity is being supplied to maintain the Maximum Base Quantity (MBQ).To maintain this dynamism across all the outlets and to gain the benefits of volume discount, a sophisticated IT system is required.The core competency of the Big Bazaar is in retailing and this application system is a support-oriented information resource management (as in Mac Farlans Strategic Grid).Hence, outsourcing was a viable option for Big Bazaar on acco unt of the following reasonsAccess to higher professionalismRisk of inappropriate IT architecture is reduced.Maintenance of skilled plys is not needed and the management can concentrate on the core business activities.Subscribing is relative cheaper compared to buying a new technology. In addition, outsourced vendor would upgrade to new technology as and when needed.7. Vendor Selection ProcessBig Bazaar was diligently mixed in the selection of the vendors to outsource. The smells it took to finalize the vendor were as followsThey identified the requirements (functional and non-functional) and prepared an exhaustive list of the vendors software available in the market.2. They narrowed down the list of vendors based on the non-functional requirements. The list included Wipro, Infosys, Patni Computers, TCS, etc.3. They sent the Request of proposal (RFP) to the prospective vendors asking for information relevant to their service capabilities across a spectrum that includes financial, technical, and operational information.4. Based on the responses of the vendors, they selected WIPRO for outsourcing.8. Advantages Disadvantages of Existing IT Structure8.1 AdvantagesThe advantages of such an infrastructure can be concluded as followsScalabilityThe architecture deployed currently has been modelled to facilitate the scale of operation of the company. For instance the application servers can be deployed on many machines. Also, the database no longer requires a connection from every client it only requires connections from a smaller number of application servers. In addition, many Transaction Processing Monitors could be used to balance loads and dynamically manage the number of application server(s) available.Better ReuseA replication of the same logic can be initiated from many clients or applications. Since the method of operation is standardized across all the outlets so a mechanism which can be replicated at less cost, reduces complexity and leads to optimum u tilization of the resources.Improved SecurityImplementation of tribute mechanisms at multiple levels (not just the database) improves the security level. Security can be granted on a service-by-service basis. The placement on a very capture central server makes the business logic more rock-steady.Reduced DistributionAny new policy changes like discount offers and other incentives can be easily incorporated to the complete business logic by simply updating a few application servers and do not have to be implemented individually across all the clients.Improved AvailabilityThe operations associated with the organization require the system to support numerous transactions, at the time of high sales. Such situations make use of redundant application servers and redundant database servers. Thus, it is possible to architect an application which can recover from network or server failures. cloak-and-dagger Database StructureIn order to facilitate the simultaneous transparent database cha nges, the actual structure of the database is hidden from the caller. Hence, it is possible that a service in the middle tier that exchanges information/data with other applications could retain its original interface while the underlying database structure was enhanced during a new application release.8.2 DisadvantagesAlong with the advantages of the IT Infrastructure, whatever disadvantages also existInventory management Systems inefficacy often leads to problems Big bazaars inventory management inventory, centrally connected to its head office, has often led Big Bazaar into big troubles including recent example of Sabse Sasta Din (On the eve of Republic Day) where many of its stores had to shut later on overwhelming demand and insufficient inventory. This failure in inventory management caused Big Bazaar huge revenue loss as well as bad publicity.Centrally managed system has its disadvantage too. The staff at its outlet has negligible knowledge of its IT infrastructure details. They generally lack the skills to treat the problems at their own. As all the control lies with Mumbai head office, thus in case any problem arises in system, either the store manager has to take help from its outsourcing partner or Head office IT team. The time delay in the procedure often cost it a substantial amount of business.Big Bazaar IT infrastructure lags as compare to its global competitors (who are set to enter Indian Markets) in terms of effectiveness of its Data Mining system. The data mining system enables the retailer to critically analyze and select its consumer segments and its specific needs and thus coming up with schemes to target them.Although existing customer billing system is very robust (failed only once in last 3 years Kozhikode outlet), it often turns into bottleneck leading to longer queues and thus increased service time. The problem becomes worse during peak customer hours and the system proves to be Achilles heel during above estimated demands (recent ly in Sabse Sasta Din offer 26 Jan 2011).9. Security at Big Bazaar IT SystemIn recent years, the retail sector has become the targets of spear phishermen, a particularly devious and hard to detect targeted attack, jibe to the cyber security firm Message Labs Intelligence. In a targeted attack, cybercriminals go after only a few individuals within a particular company in the hopes of compromising the individuals machine and gaining access to sensitive data, intellectual property, or secret internal systems.IP surveillance and automation is very difficult in retail sector, hence most retailers take other measures to ensure a secure network like financial backings of all application data, operating system, databases and files were taken on a daily basis onto tape drives and even on disk. All the backup media was stored offsite on a daily basis. Weekly and monthly backup tapes are stored at remote locations. If the OS or application software conks off, data can be restored by reinstal ling the concerned software and retrieving the latest data backup.IT Security in Big Bazaar Currently10. Business Process mannikinThe business process model elaborates the individual processes involved in servicing the customer and the areas where IT plays an integral role in servicing the customer.Fig Business Process Model of Big BazaarThe key processes involved in the completion of a transaction at Big Bazaar could be described as followsThe customer selects an item to buyThe customer places the orderThe order is then processed when the customer makes the paymentIf the payment is correct then the inventory level of the tally item is reduced by one and the transaction is completeHowever if the payment is not correct then the customer is intimated regarding the problem. If the customer still wishes to complete the transaction then he pays the appropriate amount else he decides to cancel the order if he does not have enough cash at organizationAfter the inventory level is reduced by one, it is checked if the current inventory level is criticalIf the inventory level is not critical then the transaction can be considered to be totally complete and the system is prepared for the next transaction.However, if the inventory level is critical i.e. based on the MBQ system, an automatic reorder procedure is activatedThis involves sending out a request for invoice order and another one for shipping orderOnce the invoice data is validated with the accounts department, the invoice is raised and forwardedOnce the invoice order is complete, the items are packed and then shipped from the suppliers to the warehouse which stores the inventoryOnce the inventory has been received at the warehouse, the inventory level is updatedFrom the above description it can be observed that IT plays a crucial role in three key areas namely Payment Processing, Inventory Management and Managing accounting information.Payment processing software records the payments received from the customer s and keeps track of the sales amount generated on a twenty-four hours to day basis to understand the customer behaviour. The role of IT in Inventory management is critical in ensuring automatic replenishment of the inventory whenever the quantity goes below the critical level. Finally the accounting system has to make sure that all the goods received and the invoices generated are in correspondence and to detect and prevent anomalies that might arise out of errors committed both intentionally and unintentionally into ballooning into a huge problem for the company. It is important that the above systems are properly in place for the efficient functioning of the day to day business activities.11. Logical Design of Big BazaarIn the logical diagram various processes are shown with the help of entities and their attributes. unlike entities that are used in Big Bazaar are so linked with each other.Fig Logical Diagram of Big Bazaar next is the brief introduction about each entity and it s attributeHO Site it is central point in the database unit, which controls all the departments. It controls various operations like maintaining inventory, organizing suppliers, and magnanimous salaries to employees and billing to the customers.HO Employee It defines the employees who will operate the HO site. They can make changes in the database of the product, and can even define new levels of cut off points for both inventory and shelf.Employee It defines all the employees working in various departments. This entity will be accountable for their salaries, their procedure, their timings and their attendance. All the incentives will be decided after seeing the performance graph of the employee, which will be generated through the DBMS.Product This entity will define all the information about the product. It will tell the cost of the product, its unique ID code, its supplier, its self life.Supplier As there are too many suppliers in the market who will be supplying their product s to big bazaar. This entity will help to maintain their database. It will tell about the supplier name, location, product supplied by him, and about billing of the supply.Purchase rec. This will tell about the purchase record of a particular product by the customer. It will tell the name of customer who purchased the product, date of purchasing, quantity purchased etc.Customer The end point of the business is customer. To become the database of the valuable customers, you should know name, address, and product in what quantity they purchase.Inventory It is the store where all the products are placed before bringing them to the shelf. The supplies directly come to the inventory.12. wont Case DiagramThe major actors in this use case diagram areCustomerKozhikode branch employeeMumbai Head office employeeSupplierThe customer selects the goods he wants to buy and goes to the counter where the customer pays the amount. The employee at the counter enters the data in the database which is updated on the continuous basis. This database in turn is connected to the Mumbai database. Thus the entry made by the Kozhikode employee gives the inventory, sales etc status of the Kozhikode branch to the head office. Next, Mumbai head office checks the inventory level of the stock and if found to be below minimum base quantity level, then order is placed to the supplier regarding the same. The suppliers get the order request from the head office through the centrally connected database. All other functions of the Kozhikode branch are carried out in a similar manner.Fig Use Case Diagram13. Module distribution Diagram of Big BazaarThe value chain across which Big Bazaar operates is as shown below. First the vendor selection takes place. Than the centralized planning and merchandising is done for each of these stores according to the demand. Then the procurement of the goods takes place according to the forecast and plan. The goods are then distributed to each of the city branche s. Then it is sold to the customers where the value chain is completed.We can severalise these into four different categories. They are Planning, Store management, Buying and Supply Chain. For planning the modules of SAP used are supply Chain Management, Production Planning and Sales and Distribution. For store management Customer Relationship management, Sales and Distribution Management, Material Management and Customer Service modules are used. For Buying Supplier Relationship management and Material management modules are used. And for supply chain activities Sales and distribution, Logistics and Logistics Execution modules are used.Fig Module Distribution Diagram of Big Bazaar14. orbital cavity of ImprovementDespite the various advantages that IT infrastructure has bestowed on Big Bazaar, there is still a varied scope of improvement that the organization can employBig Bazaar can update the technology system by implementing WMS with RFID, Customer intelligence and CRM, Invento ry and Promotions Optimization.On account of the heavy rush on the weekends and the festival season, the available number of terminals is unable to meet the demand quickly. Hence, the customers have to wait in queue for longer period. However, there are certain floors wherein the terminals are idle as the demand for those items are not that high. Hence, the firm can decide to exchange the location of computers from less used areas to highly used ones.15. Recommendations15.1 improving Warehouse Management by strategic use of ITBig Bazaar faces many challenges. Not only it has to manage and coordinate a large number of local, regional, across complex supply chains but also the customers demand an increasingly large variety of products and faster deliveries, which often means that it has to hold smaller quantities of a larger range of SKUs. To satisfy customer demands and execute on its business strategies, you need a complete and accurate picture of where inventory is deployed and of its deed across the supply chain network. At the same time, you need to keep supply chain costs low, especially given fuel costs. Optimizing transportation management and synchronizing it with warehousing plans to meet fluctuating customer demands and store needs -is essential to competing successfully when margins are tight.Warehouse management can be further refined by the application of RFID technology. RFID will help Big Bazaar to align and optimize its task motion -which will include its loading time, sequence, and use of staging areas and bays with the supply chain events that occur outside of the warehouse. This use of technology can be easily integrated with the SAP Supply Chain Management (SAP SCM) application, which provides an integrated supply chain solution. In the long run it will provide the necessary visibility and control needed to optimize logistical execution for competitive advantage.There is a lot of scope for improvement in warehouse management. The direct tangible benefits that Big Bazaar will accrue are with the following componentsRe-Defining a Complete Warehousing Plan- Optimizing warehousing as part of a demand-driven supply chain model, with a comprehensive plan to manage activities every step of the way.Order Management Integration of the new SAP EWM with existing SAP ERP for comprehensive order management.Warehouse Planning and Inventory Tracking and hint Once you define the high-level plan, you can focus on optimizing activities within each supply chain location. Support for cross-docking enables a direct flow from goods put across to goods issue. The application also supports the tracking and tracing of inventory down to granular levels of detail -information needed to initiate recalls. RFID technology makes these tasks more efficient and ensures accuracy.Material endure System SAP EWM offers complete material flow control without additional software allowing all programmable logic controllers to be connected to SAP EWM via remote function call (RFC) adaptors. To help ensure that goods keep moving inside the warehouse and to avoid unnecessary (and costly) manual intervention, the system offers high performance. That level helps ensure that a carton can be scanned, compared to the expected size and weight, and have a determination made about where it should be sent in less than a second.Tracking and Management of Warehouse Activities SAP EWM provides enhanced monitoring features for tracking and managing warehouse activities. A warehouse cockpit provides an overview of key processes, costs, schedules, and value added services. This real-time visibility helps you manage daily operations and optimize the use of labour. You can plan ahead for upcoming activities, assign resources to tasks, and identify ways to minimize time per process step or eliminate steps.With SAP Extended Warehouse Management and RFID Technology application, Bi

Textiles of Mesoamericanos

Textiles of MesoamericanosThe many cultural and artistic differences between the Pre Columbian societies made the Americas a breeding ground of beauty and fashion. The triplet famous societies Aztecs, Mayans and Incans each had an individual style that reflected their environment, morals and everywhereall way of life. Though these civilizations inhabited the western hemisphere and were able to communicate to each other, no fashions within any two civilizations shared any important sameities when it came down to it. In fact, fashions within each society varied depending on their locations. Due to express mail resources, these civilizations were forced to have some similarities when it came to dyes apply on the fabric or fabric composition, but each was unique nonetheless. Before the conquistadors, the ancient Mesoamerican serviceman was full of cultural fashion and textile differences and similarities that range from the role of cloth utilize to the way patterns were stitched .Though these three very distinct civilizations, they did in fact share some very interesting similarities. These would include the substance the clothing was made of, the graphic symbol of stitching used and even the dyes used to color the clothing. In each society, one could find some sort of cloth made from either white or brown cotton. For many peck, cotton was readily available, though the Aztecs received the majority of theirs through trade (Ancient Aztec Clothing). Seeing that many of the societies made their textiles on backstrap looms, examples of similar weaving methods could be seen throughout the societies. The types of weaving techniques used by all the societies included supplementary warp, supplementary woof, complementary warp, gauze and tapestry, all of which can be seen on the attached sheet (Cloth Clay). Unlike modern methods, the people used many different types of earth-friendly materials in order dye their fabrics. For example, in ancient Mexico, the color purple was obtained from mollusks secretions, and Incans created yellow with the use of certain trees in the coastal region (Cloth Clay). Even with the similar make up, the three civilizations were still able to create a style of their own.In the ancient Aztec society, mens clothing unremarkably consisted of a loincloth known as a maxtlatl held together with either a string or belt, and a cloak or cape called a tilmatli that was timid knotted around one shoulder (6. Aztec Clothing). The type of tilmatli worn by a person would settle their status in society. Traditional womens clothing usually consisted of a blouse, the huipilli, and a skirt, the cueitl (6. Aztec Clothing). Similar to the tilmatli cape, sandals would determine ones place in society, as well, seeing as the majority of the population went barefoot. work force of nobility usually were the simply ones with footwear, though even they were required to go barefoot when entering temples. Feathers were an important decor ation in this society, mostly found adorning headdresses. I addition to feathers, jewelry was some other important decoration. They used stones such as turquoise, emerald and jade as well as metals like copper, silver and gold to decorate their fabrics (5. Aztec Clothing). Some say that the Aztecs wore a large amount of gold as a testament to the power and strength of their empire (6. Aztec Clothing).Traditional Mayan dress depended on the gender and class of the person. Men were usually seen wearing a type of iridescently decorated loincloth while womens clothing usually consisted of a colorful shirt (called a traje) and a extensive wrap around skirt (or a huipi) (Cultural Dress of the Maya). Single mens clothing tended to be more colorful than that of married men. As for decorations, women tended to have long colorful ribbons called cintas braided into their hair, hoop earrings of silver or gold and sometimes even necklaces with glass beads (Cultural Dress of the Maya). As for the men, they carried a type of bag called a moral instead of wearing jewelry. The Mayans natural dyes were used to produce colors such as orange, red, blue, purple, black and brown. In this culture the patters created with these colors could be used as an indication of where the person is from.The Incans were well known for their tunics. In addition to cotton, the Incans were known for making their textiles out of llama, alpaca, and vicua wools, as well (Incans Lords of Gold and Glory). In fact the type of fabric used in this society could be well used as an indicator of the status of that person. For example, the most basic type of fabric was known as the Awaska with a thread count of about 120 usually made from llama wool. The next class of fabric was known as qunpi, made from alpaca wool by men, and was used to be given as gifts. The last class was called acllahuasi, made out of vicua wool by the virgin females of the sun god temple (Incans Lords of Gold and Glory). Fabrics of t his kind were used solely for religious or royal purposes. Interestingly, they had a thread count of over 600 which had not even of been challenged until the industrial revolution. Unlike weavers of other civilizations, the Incans prized complexity over efficiency when it came to their weaving. They used techniques such as discontinuous warp or weft and cross-knit looping, which both are found only in this area (Cloth Clay). The discontinuous style could have easily been achieved by using simpler methods. It is believed that the Incans associated more time with their textiles because it was used as a method of communication (Cloth Clay). This can be seen with the use of the quipu, a device that depended on the arrangement of a series of colors, knots and cords to be read back later (Cloth Clay).Pre-Colombian Mesoamerican fashion may be described as simple, yet colorful. The textiles of the Aztec, Mayan and Incan societies have many similarities, like the type of cloth and weaving techniques used. In contrasts, these societies share many differences, too. For example, the purpose of textiles in Aztec culture was used to indicate status, while in Mayan culture it was used to determine where one came from, and in Incan culture it was used as a form of writing. In conclusion, the Ancient Mesoamericans produced a variety of textiles from different materials using similar techniques to serve many different functions.BibliographyRobertson, Donald. Pre-Columbian Art and Architecture. Encyclopedia Americana. 2009.Grolier Online. 9 Nov. 2009 .Time-Life Books. Incas Lords of Gold and Glory. Alexandria, VA Time-Life Books, 1992. 7-168. Print.Cloth Clay Communicatin Culture Virtual Museum of Canada, 2002. Web. 11 Nov. 2009..Ancient and at sea Civilizations N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2009..Aztec Clothing, 2008. 14 Dec. 2009.Aztec Clothing. 14 Dec. 2009.Ancient Aztec Clothing. 14 Dec. 2009.Cultural Dress of the Mayan. 14 Dec. 2009.Inca Society,2008. 14 Dec. 2009.

The Importance of Technology Education in Schools Essay -- Teaching Ed

The Importance of Technology Education in Schools The study world has been greatly influenced by rapidly changing technology and the increasing availability of information. Schools have advanced by leaps and bounds when it comes to incorporating technology into the learning environment, however, many more advances need to be made. In all beas of the country, educators are trying to friend scholarly persons keep up with technology, but there are more changes that are essential for preparing the next generation for the coming(prenominal).By increasing computer usage by students, installing classroom Internet access and providing instructional classes dedicated to software and hardware education, schools have tried to provide an up-to-date education for students. This is all real important, but is it enough? I feel that perhaps this just isnt going to cut it for the twenty-first century. Michael Eisenberg and Doug Johnson pose the question in the ERIC Digest, Can the stud ent who operates a computer well enough to play a game, send e-mail, or surf the Web be considered computer literate? 1 I view the answer is yes and no, it depends on whom you are comparing them to. If you are comparing these kids with many adults, then yes they are however, if you are comparing them to the next younger generation of children that are learning to do these things before they even learn to read, then the answer is a large resounding NO.Schools need to incorporate technology education into all areas of curriculum. Students need to be able to understand not only the how-to of computers, but they need to understand when to use it, where to use it, and why it should be used. many a(prenominal) students only have a basic working k right awayledge of computer... ...5.5. Network systems and data communications analysts 6.6. Desktop publishers 7.7. Database administrators 8.8. Personal and home care aides 9.9. computing device systems ana lysts 10.10. Medical assistants3 Locally, the high schools have begun to understand this growing need and have issued laptops to all students in the freshman classes. This is just a first step. The teachers must now make good use of these new tools and help the students understand the how, when, where, and why of their gifts. It will be awhile before education can afford to befool up to societies needs, but if we recognize the need now, changes can be made to ensure that our next generation will be prepared for the future. A future were bugs are very different from insects, surfing requires no water and viruses have nothing to do with infection.

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Essays Papers

Sir Gawain and the Green buckIn the fourteenth century, there was a contemporary of Chaucer he was an unknown poet. The story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written by this unknown poet. The story deals with the many complicated issues, virtuoso of them, involving a test of character for Gawain. He is King Arthurs most noble knight, and one of the most honest, chivalrous, and gallant knights in Camelot. However, he has to face one of the most difficult challenges of life, which is accepting his flaws. Realization of ones reproach is one of the hardest challenges of life for anyone. The passage that I am going to analyze describes how the king and his guests gather and blissfully celebrate the arrival of the New Year. The passage from lines 60 to 129 begins with the celebration of the New Year. The author discusses the Christmas customs of the Arthurian legend, describing how the king celebrates his New Years day. The guests gather in the court at this celebration and recei ve their food in the first place the majesty arrives. As soon as the king arrives all chanting in chapel ended, (Norton 204), which means that all the guests stop talking and whence blackguard out songs of happiness for the New Year. The guests then gather happily and exchange gifts, talking long and busily about the presents. The ritual involved with the exchange of presents is in any case kissing. All the women are laughing happily, exactly ironically, the author makes fun of them when he describes them laughin... Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay -- Essays PapersSir Gawain and the Green KnightIn the fourteenth century, there was a contemporary of Chaucer he was an unknown poet. The story of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written by this unknown poet. The story deals with the many complicated issues, one of them, involving a test of character for Gawain. He is King Arthurs most noble knight, and one of the most honest, chivalrous, and gallant knights in Camelot. However, he has to face one of the most difficult challenges of life, which is accepting his flaws. Realization of ones imperfection is one of the hardest challenges of life for anyone. The passage that I am going to analyze describes how the king and his guests gather and blissfully celebrate the arrival of the New Year. The passage from lines 60 to 129 begins with the celebration of the New Year. The author discusses the Christmas tradition of the Arthurian legend, describing how the king celebrates his New Years day. The guests gather in the court at this celebration and receive their food before the majesty arrives. As soon as the king arrives all chanting in chapel ended, (Norton 204), which means that all the guests stop talking and then shout out songs of happiness for the New Year. The guests then gather happily and exchange gifts, talking long and busily about the presents. The ritual involved with the exchange of presents is also kissing. All the women are laug hing happily, but ironically, the author makes fun of them when he describes them laughin...