Capacity and Forecasting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Capacity and Forecasting - Research Paper Example Too much capacity is just as bad as too little. According to Wikipedia (2011a), excess capacity can drain a firm’s resources and prevent investments in projects that are more profitable. Insufficient capacity on the other hand could lead to unsatisfied customer demands. Analysis of capacity utilization The information presented indicates that capacity utilization at EMC is 92% with varying rates of utilization in different processes. The graph in Figure 1 below provides a visual illustration of the range of utilization rates for different processes. Figure 1 The graph indicates that plastic molding has the highest utilization rate and blanking machine the lowest. It is uncertain as to how the 92% was arrived at. However, it is a high utilization rate which suggests that an increase in demand by 10 to 15 percent may not be easily met on a 40 hour week shift. Only plastic molding and finishing processes are above 80% capacity utilization machine, assembly and packaging is below that level. Before deciding on whether additional capacity is required the capacity available should be determined. ... There seem to be a bottleneck situation in molding and finishing. According to Goldman (n.d.) your bottleneck operation should never stop, it should be kept running during coffee breaks and lunch breaks. The impact of forecasts on future capacity needs According to Walonick (1993) a forecast is designed to assist in planning and making decisions in the present. However, regardless of the methods used there is no way to predict the future with certainty. Forecast could either suggest that we have more or less capacity than is required. If the forecast suggest that we need a higher level of capacity then this may mean that additional investments may have to be made in terms of space and equipment. It may also mean additional staff would have to be employed. However, there are a number of things that can be done in the short term until there is convincing information that an increase in demand is long term. Overtime work could be introduced on a regular basis, temporary contract workers could be employed or another shift could be introduced. While the things that can be done to increase capacity in the short term are relatively inexpensive, increasing capacity by building additional space is very costly if it is not fully utilized. EMC should be careful not to rush to permanently increase its capacity as there is a level of uncertainty in forecasting. Implications of incorrect forecasts There are two ways in which a forecast could possibly be incorrect. A forecast may suggest that more space as well as machinery and labor are required or it could possibly state that less of these elements are required. Incorrect forecasts could lead to unnecessary investments. Making

Theories of Firm Internationalisation

Theories of Firm Internationalisation Firms internationalisation decisions can be driven by various motives, taking this into account, discuss in particular the choice of a firm of how to internationalise its production activities in terms of a trade off between ownership and market transactions. After the World War II, there has been rapid growth in international trade in both goods and services, resulting in various transactions across national borders for the purpose of satisfying the needs of individuals and organisations. The result of this global competition has forced organisations to expand their business by finding out new markets at home and foreign countries making them ‘Transnational firms. Dicken (2007) defines Transnational Corporations (TNC) as â€Å"A firm that has power to co-ordinate and control operations in more than one country, even if it does not own them†. Rugman and Hodgetts, 2003 says Multinational corporations, defined as â€Å"A company headquarter in one country but having operations in other countries†. The significance of TNC lies mainly in its ability to co-ordinate and control different transactions within transnational production networks, ability to take advantage of distribution factors of production and ability to be fl exible in locations. The growing TNCs led to various patterns and trends in international business like rapid growth in world trade and investment, cross border mergers and acquisitions resulting in the process of Internationalization. Internationalization is the process of increasing involvement in international operations across national borders which comprises both changed perspectives and positions. (Buckley and Ghauri, 1999) Internationalization is one potential strategy that is being used increasingly by business firms to maximise size of the firm, increase their profitability, increasing their market share and becoming industry leader. It is a major attribute of the current strategy process of most business firms which determines the ongoing development and change in the international firm in terms of values, scope, principles, business ideas, action orientation, nature of work and converging norms. The internationalization dimension is related to all these aspects of the strategy process and thus making the firms become ‘Transnational. In this global competition, it is important for the firm to become transnational and internationalization process focuses mainly on the development of the individual firm on its gradual acquisition, integration, and use of knowledge about foreign markets and operations. (Dicken, P., 2007) Firms internationalization decision is mainly to acquire profits. The origins of the internationalisation of the industry are described by both macroeconomics approach, regarded as a general-system approach which is focused on the capitalist system as a whole, and microeconomics approach, based upon a firm-specific level. In a macroeconomics approach, the expansions of firms activities into foreign countries are explained by the circuits of capital and the theory of new international division of labour. A microeconomics approach entails the Dunnings eclectic paradigm and the theory of product life cycle. As most TNCs are capitalist enterprises, they behave according to basic rules of capitalism, the ways in which firm acquires profits along with various motives like increasing their market share, becoming industry leader or simply making firm bigger. But above all, the most important factor for internationalization is the pursuit of profits. In this competitive economy, competition b etween firms is becoming increasingly global and much more volatile not just confining them to national level but with firms across the world. Thus TNCs simply explain the need for internationalization at macro level in pursuit of profits and performance better in the global competitive economy. (Dicken, P., 1992) The new international division of labour, proposed by Stephen Hymer, is used to explain the shift of industrial production from the core (the industrialised countries) to the periphery (the developing countries). Firms in developed countries due to increasing wages in their home countries are forced to seek the alternative locations providing cheap labour, which are the third world countries. Dicken (1992) points out that even though this concept has some validity in explanation of internationalisation process, it also contains several drawbacks as it is excessively narrow and one-dimensional and it overstates the extent to which industrial production has been relocated to the global periphery. Micro level approach is an approach to understand the internationalization of economic activity through the TNC which is much as firm specific. The decision to become global firm is made by individual firms or more by decision makers in the firm rather than focusing upon the decisions at capitalist system as a whole like in macro level approach. According to Hymers pioneering study in 1960, domestic firms will have natural advantage over foreign firms in terms of better understanding of local market conditions and business environment. But, a foreign firm wishing to produce in any other market would have to posses some firm specific assets which overcome the natural advantages of domestic firm. These firm specific assets are like size of the firm and economies of scale, access to raw materials, marketing skills, technological expertise, reduced transaction costs or access to cheaper sources of finance, which makes a foreign firm to compete domestic firm in its home country. Hymers st udy expressed that the firm wishing in transnational production would have its own set of qualifying principles specific to ownership which overcome the advantages of indigenous firms in the country of production. (Nilsson, J.E, Dicken, P., Peck, J., 1996) In 1966, Vernon developed the product life cycle to explain the observed pattern of international trade. The theory suggests that in the earlier stages of products life cycle all the production activities of a product is done in the place in which it was invented. Once the product is used in the markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin to the places with low production costs and high market activity, in order to acquire high profits by the firm. There are four stages in product life cycle: Introduction, growth, maturity and decline. The location of production depends on the stage of the cycle. In the introduction stage the firm seeks to build product awareness and develop a market for the product. In the growth stage, the firm tries to increase brand preference and market share. At maturity stage, the strong growth in sales decreases due to heavy competition between similar products. At this stage the primary objective of the firm is to defend the market shar es by expanding into new markets or low developing countries (LDCs) to maximize profits. In the final stage, due to decline in the sales, the firm tries to maintain the product by adding new features and targeting new markets. (Dicken 2003) According to Dunnings Eclectic Paradigm, a firm will engage in international production when each of the following three conditions is present: 1. Owner specific advantages, 2. Location specific advantages and 3. Internalization advantages. As the three principles are derived from variety of theoretical approaches such as the theory of the firm, organization theory, trade theory and location theory, dunning labelled his approach as ‘eclectic which integrates various strands of explanation of international production. Owner specific advantages or Firm specific advantages are assets which are internal to firm. Every firm must possess certain ownership specific advantages which are unique compared to their competing firms from other countries. These firm specific advantages are intangible and transferred within the TNC at low cost (e.g., technology, brand name, and benefits of economies of scale) which either provides higher revenues or lower costs that can reduce operating costs compared to its competitors in a foreign country.(Wattanasupachoke, 2002) A firm must possess location specific advantages to exploit its assets in foreign rather than domestic country. Therefore the location specific advantages of different countries are important in determining which will become host countries for the transnational corporations. They constitute economic, political and socio cultural advantages which are important factors in the context of transnational production. (Wattanasupachoke 2002) Transnational corporations choose internalization where the market does not exist or functions poorly. There must be internalization advantages to the firm from exploiting its advantages itself, rather than selling them or leasing them. The more uncertain the environment faced by the firm (which may be due to price, quality and availability of raw materials) the more likely a firm internalize its operations. Internalization occurs in the case of knowledge and technology, where many firms spend huge sums of money on various research and development. To ensure satisfactory returns on the investment without selling or leasing the technology to other foreign firms, the firm itself exploits its technological advantage directly by setting up its own production facilities. (Whitley, R., 1994) Under ‘eclectic theory other theories of internationalization are more concerned with the processes that a firm must go through. Sequential theory of internationalization is a process in which a firm enters into the foreign market. It is also called as ‘Uppsala model and the firm enters other markets through four discrete stages: Intermittent exports, exports via agents and through licensing, overseas sales through knowledge agreements with local firms (example franchising) and foreign direct investment (FDI) in the foreign market. Initially, the firm is purely a domestic firm in terms of both production and markets. Once the firm reaches saturation point in its domestic market, it looks into foreign markets in order to maintain growth and profitability. During early stages, the firm does this through exports using the services of overseas sales agent, who are independent of the exporting firm. In the second stage, the process of gaining control over its foreign sales is achieved by setting up its own sales outlets. This can be done in two ways, either by setting up an entirely new outlet or by acquiring local firm. When the firm performs better and acquires good profits, it decides on establishment of entire production facilities with consideration of its favourable factors in a foreign market. Figure1 shows the path of development of a firm in the evolution of a transnational corporation. (Wall and Rees, 2004) In a network perspective, the process of internationalization is like creating new relationships or building on existing relationships in international markets, with the focus shifting from the organizational to that of social. It is people who make decisions and take the actions. The series of networks are considered at three levels: Macro, Inter-organizational and Intra-organizational. (Wall and Rees, 2004) In network theory, the business environment is seen as a set of diverse interests, powers, characteristics which advances on national and international business decisions. At macro- level, a firm has to break old relationships or add new ones to enter new markets. A new entrant finds difficult to break into a market that already has stable relationship. Such firms are able to reconfigure the existing networks, thus more successful in internationalization process. At Inter-organizational level, firms are good in different relationships to one another in different markets. They may be competitors in one market, collaborators in other and ‘suppliers and customers to each other in a third. Thus, if one firm internationalizes it draws other firms into international production. At intra-organizational level, relations within the organization influence the decision making process. If a transnational corporation has its subsidiaries in other countries, decisions taken at the subsidiary level increases the degree of international involvement of the parent TNC, depending on the degree of decentralization of decision making by the firm. (Wall and Rees, 2004) The various theories explain the process of internationalization and results in the firms motivation for engaging in transnational operations. When a firm decides to establish a production facility in the foreign market it mainly focuses its interests in terms of size of the market and availability of requirements which are useful for the production facility. Though firms motivation in transnational production is highly individual, still it can be broadly classified into two categories: Market Orientation and Asset Orientation. (Dicken, 2007) Most foreign direct investment in the process of transnational production is designed to serve a specific location market by taking consideration of market size and other conditions. The goods and services produced in the foreign country are almost identical to that being produced in the firms home country but the firm modifies its products slightly in order to gain the tastes and preferences of the local market. Market oriented investment is a form of horizontal expansion across national boundaries which concentrates on three factors in making up the decision of the location. The most important factor is a size of the market measured in terms of per-capita income rather than in terms of population. For example, countries in Europe and US, though they have less population, their per-capita income is high. Population in countries with low income levels spend larger portion of their income on basic necessities while people in countries with high income levels spend higher portion of th eir income on higher order manufacture goods and services. The last important factor for market oriented production is accessibility into the markets (transportation) and other political barriers. (Dicken, 2007) The choice of strategy for transnational production will be influenced by the reasons for becoming transnational. Foreign direct investment is designed to take advantage of the fact that the various assets that a firm needs to produce are not available in the same quantity and quality everywhere. So, it is important for a firm to consider about asset orientated production when it becomes transnational. It is broadly classified into two ways: Technology and labour. Firm benefits from the production costs if there are low labour costs along with high technology. Variations in wage costs, labour productivity and knowledge and skills constitute asset based advantages to the firm becoming transnational. Once a firm has decided to go international, it takes place in wide variety of ways, most of which can be classified into three broad categories: Export based methods Non- equity methods Equity methods Export based methods for internationalization It is the most common way in which a firm becomes international, by producing its products in the domestic markets but exports a proportion of its products to foreign markets. Exporting is an oldest and straight forward way of carrying international business. Its growth can be reduced to the liberalisation of trade that has taken place globally and within regional trading blocs due to concept of free trade like European Union (EU), NAFTA (North American Free Trade Association), ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations), and APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Corporation). The export based methods of internationalizing are divided into ‘indirect exporting and ‘direct exporting. (Wall and Rees, 2004) Indirect exporting: When a firm does not have any international activity by itself then it operates through intermediaries for physical distribution of goods and services in the foreign market. Initially an export house buys products from domestic firm and sells them abroad on its own account. A confirming house acts for foreign buyers where it brings sellers and buyers into direct contact and guarantee payments on a commission basis. Finally a buying house performs functions in seeking out sellers to match buyers particular needs. Direct exporting: In this form a firm is directly involved in distributing and selling its own products to the foreign markets. It is long term commitment to a particular foreign market with the firm choosing local agents and distributors specific to that market. It allows the exporter to monitor developments and competitions in the host market. It promotes interaction between producer and end user with long term commitments such as providing after sales services to encourage repeat purchases. Non- Equity based methods for internationalization In this form of internationalization, the firm either sells technology or do business in the form of contract, involving patents, trademarks and copyrights. It is often referred to as intellectual property rights and form major part of international transactions. This non-equity method of internationalization takes into forms of licensing, franchising or other types of contractual agreement. (Wall and Rees, 2004) Licensing: It is a permission granted by the licensor (proprietary owner) to a licensee (foreign party) in the form of a contract to engage in an activity which is otherwise legally forbidden. The licensee buys the right to exploit technology and products from the licensor, which is protected by the intellectual property rights like patent, trademark or copyright. The licensor benefits from the licensees local knowledge and distribution channels; also it is a low cost strategy for internationalization since the foreign entrant makes little or no resource commitment. This type of agreement is mostly found in industries like RD and other industries where fixed costs are high. (Rugman and Hodgetts, 2003) Franchising: In this form, the franchisee purchases the right to undertake business activity using the franchisors name or trademark rather than any patented technology. Many firms choose franchising as a means of internationalizing as it establishes firms business in short time with relatively little direct investment and creates global image through standard marketing approach. It allows franchiser a high degree of control and enables to understand the local taste and preferences in the foreign country. For example, Coca-Colas franchising arrangements with various partners in different countries has given an advantage over its arch rival PepsiCo. Franchising also helps in building up global brand which can be cultivated and standardised overtime. (Wall and Rees, 2004) Other contractual modes of internationalization: Besides licensing and franchising, Management contracting is another form of internationalization where a supplier in one country provides certain ongoing management functions to a client in another country. Examples include technical service agreements are provided across borders, as when a company outsources its operations to a foreign firm. Contract-based partnerships are also formed between different nationalities in order to share the cost of an investment. For example, pharmaceutical companies, automobile companies make agreements between themselves to include cooperation, co-research and co-development activities. (Wall and Rees, 2004) Equity based methods for internationalization When a firm physically invests in any another country, it is referred as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI). The major advantage of this method is that the firm has greatest level of control over its proprietary information and technology. A firm can use different ways to FDI by acquiring an existing firm, creating equity joint ventures, merging or establishing a foreign operation by its own (green-field investment). (De Propris, L., 2009) Acquisition and Establishment of a firm by its own (green-field investment): Acquisition of an existing foreign company has a number of advantages compared to green-field investment. For example, it allows an immediate presence in the market which results in a fast returns on capital and ready access to knowledge of the local market. Also, problems associated with green-field investments such as cultural, legal and management issues are avoided. Joint Ventures: It involves creating a new identity in which both the initiating partners take active roles in formulating strategy and making decisions. It helps to share technologies and lower the costs of high risks in various development projects. Joint Ventures make firm to gain economics of scale and scope in value adding activities on a global basis. It creates a firm to secure access to partners technology and accumulate learning process which is used for more effective future competition in the industry. Joint Ventures are common in high technology industries; it usually takes one of the two forms: Specialized Joint Ventures and Shared value added Joint Ventures. (Wall and Rees, 2004) In Specialized Joint Ventures, each partner brings a specific competency like one firm might indulge in a function of production and other does with marketing. For example organizations like JVC (Japan) and Thomson (France) have been into specialized Joint Venture where JVC contributed the specialized skills involved the manufacturing technologies needed to produce optical and compact discs, semiconductors while Thomson contributed the specific marketing skills needed to compete in European markets. In Shared value added Joint Ventures, both partners contributed to same function or value added activity. For example in the case of Fuji-Xerox, it is a shared value added Joint Venture with the design, production and marketing function all shared between two firms. Merging with a firm: In this equity based method for internationalization, a firm uses FDI by merging with a firm in the foreign country by buying its stake and holding appropriate ownership in the form of equities. It helps to extend its business rapidly and can use its infrastructure and knowledge about local market to improve its market share compared to its competitors. In equity based methods for internationalization, creation of consortium is one of the oldest forms of foreign direct investment. East Asian business models like Japanese Keiretsu and South Korean chaebols are more successful in building cross industry consortia when compared to western countries. Consortium of these types are sophisticated forms of strategic alliances designed to maximise the benefits like risk sharing, cost reductions, economies of scale etc .They tend to have long term and stable inter firm relationships based on mutual obligations in order to be forerunner of technology based industries. The Japanese Keiretsu is a combination of 20-25 different industrial companies centred on a large traditional company where transactions conducted through alliances of affiliated companies. It is divided into two forms, horizontal keiretsu which consists of highly diversified groups which are organized around core bank and general trading company (For example, Mitsubishi, Mitsui and Sanwa). Vertical Keiretsu is organized around a large parent company in a specific industry like Toshiba, Toyota and Sony etc. There are strong linkages between these two forms and the organization is extremely complex and wide reaching. (De Propris, L., 2009 and Wall and Rees, 2004) The South Korean chaebols, usually dominated by the founding families are similar consortia which are centred on a holding company. While a Keiretsu is financed by group banks and run by professional managers, chaebols get their funding from governments and are managed by family members. Examples include Samsung, Daewoo etc are industrialist families and the company keeps the stock in family hands. (Wall and Rees, 2004) When a firm becomes transnational, it has specific impacts on both host economies and home economies. The impacts like transfer of resources, capital, technology, an increase of employment, concerns about sovereignty and trade and balance of payments occur on the host economy. The specific impacts on home economies will be like loss of technology, sovereignty, loss of employment and tax avoidance. Conclusion In the process of globalisation, a firm operates their activities globally and the internationalisation process is one of the primary sites of attention. The changes in the technology in the fields of telecommunications and computer lessen the costs of cross border operations and encourage firms to engage in transnational production activities. Internationalisation is a sequential process where firms internalise their economic activities characterised in terms of aggressiveness and motivated by either internal or external triggers or a combination of both. It is one of the key strategic decisions for firms to maximise or at least sustain profits to survive in the world of uncertainty and complexity. The global economic expansion has been largely facilitated by the growth of TNCs. They dominate world trade and capital movement with turnover exceeding the GNP of some countries. These corporations continue to grow and influence the landscape of the world economy. The various motives for the firms internationalization process has been discussed and the ways in which firm use FDI to engage in the transnational production makes it to compete globally. It seems clear that theories of internationalization make the firm to take up decision to become transnational with each specifying its implications and benefits. Dunnings eclectic paradigm emphasis on OLI advantages, stating a firm will engage in international production when each of the following three conditions is present. The various theories explain the process of internationalization and when a firm decides to establish a production facility in the foreign market it focuses mainly on the market size. Though firms motivation in transnational production is highly individual, still it is classified into Market Orientation and Asset Orientation which states the conditions for the firm to become transnational corporation. When firm decides to go international the various methods of internationalization like equity based, non equity based, export based are used to engage its production activities in terms of a trade off between ownership and market transactions. References Buckley, P.J., Ghauri, P.N., 1999, â€Å"The Internationalization of the firm†, 2nd Edition, London: Thomson. De Propris, L., 2009, Lecture slides on The Nature of Transnational Corporation and From TNCs to global production networks, Lecture 4 5. Dicken, P., 1992, â€Å"Global Shift: The Internationalisation of Economic Activity†, 2nd Edition, London: Paul Chapman. Dicken, P., 2003, â€Å"Global Shift: Reshaping the global economic map in the 21st century†, 4th Edition, London: Sage. Dicken, P., 2007, â€Å"Global Shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy†, 5th Edition, London: Sage. Dunning, J. H., â€Å"Multinational Enterprises and the Global Economy†, Workingham: Addison-Weslay, 1994. Hymer, S., â€Å"The Multinational Corporation and the law of uneven development†, in Radice, H., 1975 â€Å"International firms and modern imperialism†, Harmond-sworth: Penguin. Nilsson, J.E., Dicken, P., Peck, J., 1996, â€Å"Internationalization Process: European firms in global competition†, Ed, London: Paul Chapman. Rugman, A.M., and Hodgetts, R.M., 2003 â€Å"International Business†, 3rd Edition, England: Pearson. Walls, S., and Rees, B., 2004, â€Å"International Business†, 2nd Edition, England: Pearson, pp: 34-64. Wattanasupachoke, T., (2002) â€Å"Internationalization: Motives and Consequences†, ABAC Journal, 22, 16-30. Whitley, R., 1994, â€Å"The Internationalization of Firms and Markets: Its Significance and Institutional Structuring†, Organization Journal, 1, 101.

Vietnam Retaliation In The U.S :: essays research papers

â€Å"Vietnam was the first war ever fought without any censorship. Without censorship, things can get terribly confused in the public mind.† - Gen William C Westmoreland, US Army (http://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/13476.html)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is said that a war cannot be fought without the support of the people. Much so was this related to the Vietnam conflict. I say the â€Å"Vietnam Conflict† in that the United States never actually declared war on North Vietnam after its communist split-up in 1960. The conflict was based on the principles of containment stated in the Truman and Eisenhower Doctrines. These documents stated that military aid would be given to any nation willing to fight communism. This idea of â€Å"keeping communism in it’s place† without it spreading to new nations was called containment, a name given by President Harry Truman.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In May of 1955, Vietnam, which was a French colony, was broken up by rebels led by Ho Chi Minh. Under the accords of the Geneva Convention, the French colony was broken into Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. North Vietnam was supported by the Communist China and Soviet Union while South Vietnam fought off communism with aid from the United States. These series of events added to the tensions felt in the Cold War, which lasted between the United States and the Soviet Union until 1989.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The year 1964 brought the United States into the conflict even more with President Johnson’s Operation â€Å"Rolling Thunder†, which bombed railroads, troop camps and other North Vietnamese targets. This also brought two battalions of 3,500 marines and opened the door to lead 540,000 men in Vietnam by 1967. This drastic call for troops to be deployed to Vietnam called on the Selective Service Act, which drafted men into the military who fit certain requirements. This combined with anti-war sentiments felt at home led to the opposition to the war I am to speak about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Conflict in Vietnam did not go unnoticed at home as well. Some Americans were eager to fight Communism in Vietnam. But, unlike most wars of American time, the action in Vietnam had a very split approval amongst Americans. Many believed that the conflict was the responsibility of South Vietnam, and not that of the United States. By the conflict’s escalation, however, the approval of the practice of containment in Vietnam dropped drastically as more Americans lost their lives to Viet-Cong guerillas. But some were optimistic, said here: â€Å"Writer James Reston commented that the anti-war demonstrations were not helping to bring peace to Vietnam. He said they were postponing it. He believed the demonstrations would make Ho Chi

Ecology in Relation to Ecocriticism

Whatever human beings do to the ecosystem have the reflections back. If man does not harm nature, the nature keeps him safe. Ecological concerns have become the centre of today's discussion. Literature has been responding to the world with its various changes throughout ages. Literary writers have made enormous contributions in representing the world, analyzing its various changes and projecting perspectives in various forms in order to entertain and enlighten the global masses. Though common population was aware of the hazards in the ecosystem to some extend, the dietary writers spurred them through their works.The literary writers started relating the environment with humans and named the study â€Å"Criticisms†. A theoretical analysis of criticisms is being dealt in this article. â€Å"We abuse the land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong we begin to use it with love and respect. † – Aledo Leo pold Now-a-days, almost all people have turned their attention towards the planet of life, the earth. The ecosystem which accommodates human beings acts reflexively. Whatever unmans do to the Mother Earth, have the deeds reflected on them.A sudden attraction towards the ecosystem came about when scientists found a hole in the ozone layer. Then the people began probing the planet more and more. They became more conscious of the environment in which they live. The word â€Å"semiconscious† was coined in 1988. Merriment's dictionary defines â€Å"CEO-consciousness† as marked by or showing concern for the environ meet. When people slowly started understanding what is happening to the ecosystem where they live, they started relating the ecological study -? which considered the ecological problems like pollution, global warming, etc. – to literature.There emerged a new field of study over the last three decades. It was not until the end of the twentieth century that t he study of literature and the environment was recognized as a subject to rise. The literary people named it â€Å"Criticisms† or â€Å"Environmental Literary Criticism†. This study addresses how humans relate to the nonhuman nature. A theoretical approach states that criticisms grows out of the traditional approach to literature. Though Criticisms† became a subject heading in the Library of Congress list of â€Å"Authorities† in 2002, it is not yet listed in the Oxford English Dictionary.However many words prefixed â€Å"CEO† are listed among them like â€Å"coefficients† â€Å"economics†, etc. The prefix â€Å"CEO† has its root in the Greek word â€Å"kiosks† which meant â€Å"house†. The Oxford English Dictionary cites the German â€Å"ecologic† as the first appearance of â€Å"ecology† in 1876, which meant â€Å"the branch of biology that deals with the relationships be;en living organisms and th eir environment. Criticisms was defined as the conflation of ecology and criticism. Criticisms is the criticism of the â€Å"house†, the environment as represented in literature.

Three Varieties of Knowledge- a Critque

Donald Davidson- Three Varieties of Knowledge Submitted By: Nathan Copeland- 500349268 Submitted to: Prof. Checkland PHL550 April 15, 2013 In Donald Davidsons Three Varieties of Knowledge, he sets out to more or less prove that â€Å"A community of minds is the basis of knowledge; it provides the measure of all things. † (Davidson, 218). This is done by first categorizing knowledge into three distinct categories. There is knowledge of ones own mind, knowledge of another’s mind, and knowledge of the shared physical world around us. He argues that no one could exist without the others.According to Davidson, knowledge of ones own mind differs from the other two types of knowledge in the sense that one knows the contents of their own mind without any study or evidence in most cases. On the other hand, the minds of others and the physical world may only be interpreted through the senses, at least initially. He also notes that certain aspects of our physical world can be inte rpreted almost instantaneously, our example being distinguishing colours, while many aspects of another’s mind contents are done through physical observation of actions and words, which we then reconcile with our own knowledge to make inferences.This makes the latter two types of knowledge open to a degree of uncertainty that is rarely experienced in matters of your own mind. He also acknowledges the asymmetry that is apparent between coming about knowledge of our own minds and knowledge of other minds. They are both minds, yet we come to understand our own in a very unique way. He criticizes the solution that the actions and behavior or others is sufficient for inferring certain mental states to others, but those same actions and behaviours carried out by our selves are irrelevant when we attempt to describe ourselves.An issue being- If both types of knowledge come about so differently, how can we believe that others mental states are comparable to our own. He sets out to pa int a picture that includes all three types of knowledge, and shows how they are related in hopes of solving these issues. Davidson claims that â€Å"what we could not do is get along without a way of expressing, and thus communicating, our thoughts about the natural world† (Davidson, pg. 208). He also proposes that in order for a creature to have a belief, they must also posses the idea of objective truths.He then draws on Wittgenstien to say that â€Å"the source of the concept of objective truth is interpersonal communication† (Davidson, pg. 209). This is based on the assumption that thought cannot exist without language. Davidson argues that without the distinction between objective truth and what one thinks to be the case, there is no thought at all, and since there cannot be objective truth without the confirmation on the correct use of words through communicating, there cannot be thought without communicating, in his example language.It is argued that in order f or communication to work, the speaker and interpreter must share an understanding of what is meant by what is being said. Davidson then uses an example of how one would go about learning a new language to illustrate how we come about having an understanding of the words we use. In this case, we assign words and sentences we know in our native tongue to the utterances and actions made by a foreign speaker. With trial and error we come to understand what is meant by these utterances and how they relate to ‘reality’.This process of connecting ones own thoughts with the thoughts of another through some aspect of the external world is regarded by Davidson as triangulation. â€Å"it takes two points of view to give a location to the cause of a thought, and thus define its content† (Davidson, pg. 213). He believes this to be the only way that one can know another’s mind or the external world, making the two mutually dependent. He points out that there is the limi tation of perception at play here, with no way to look in from outside the standard to see if its write, but we may consult a third and forth party and so on to lessen the chance of an error being made. Davidson, pg. 217) Davidson then goes on to say that â€Å"knowledge of the propositional contents of our own minds is not possible without the other forms of knowledge, since there is no propositional thought without communication† (Davidson, pg. 213). Furthermore, knowledge of others cannot be inferred unless we have knowledge of ourselves, as the process of coming to know another’s mind is done by matching evidence from others behaviour to our knowledge of our own, thus showing that knowledge of our own minds and others is also mutually dependent.He acknowledges that there are a great deal of possible ways that we could assign our native language to the language and behavior of another to come about an understanding. He relates this to the measurement of weight in th e sense that no matter what system you use for measurement; kilograms, pounds ounces, etc. , the invariable factor, in this case the actual weight of the object, is the fact of the matter, not the arbitrary units of measure. His point is that there will likely always be indeterminacy in our translations, but we will often get the general idea.He also believes that there are no strict laws that connect mental states with physical ones, stating that such laws can exist â€Å"only when concepts connected by the laws are based on criteria of the same sort† (Davidson, pg. 215). This all leads to the fact that we will never be able to agree on how sentences and thoughts should be structured to describe other sentences or thoughts, as the very process of discussing how we would do this is ultimately done with the very thoughts were discussing, leaving it perpetually open to interpretation.As such â€Å"A community of minds is the basis of knowledge; it is the measure of all things. It makes no sense to question the adequacy of this measure, or to seek a more ultimate standard. † (Davidson, pg. 218). Analysis I agree with the general idea of what Davidson is saying, with a few exceptions. I would agree that ‘advanced’ knowledge can only come about with the all three types of evidence, but I also believe that basic knowledge can be acquired by just a person and the observable world. Suppose I live in a world with no other living creatures.I have no formal language. If I walk across a bed of sharp rocks, my nervous system will say â€Å"ouch†, and it wont take long to figure out that sharp rocks hurt my feet. I am aware of this with no need to confirm with another. I am also in contention with the idea that â€Å"language is essential to thought† (Davidson, pg. 209). My dog ‘thinks’ its going for a walk every time I put my boots on. I suppose that may be considered language, or some may argue that my dogs actions hav e no thought, but it seems to me that to make such a claim demands more evidence.I also had an issue with the claim that â€Å"enough in the framework and fabric of our beliefs must be true to give content to the rest† (Davidson, pg. 214). Although I agree that ‘enough’ of our beliefs are true, I don’t see this as a necessary condition. What if everything we think is wrong, or we’re a brain in a vat. The claim is overly definitive for my liking. Going back to my ‘only creature’ idea, I find the statement â€Å"there is no propositional thought without communication† (Davidson, pg. 213). Perhaps on this lonely planet I have a rock, which I am in love with.I may possess the thought, as primitive as it may be, that I love this rock. We don’t communicate, but the thought remains. This may be argued as a feeling, not a thought, but I’m not sure I know the difference. Finally, I have another idea that is in opposition to Davidsons claims, although I’m not sure if I believe it myself. He seems to think there are three distinct categories of knowledge, with knowledge of ones self coming mostly from inside, and knowledge of the world and others minds coming indirectly.My idea is this; all of the thoughts, behaviors, desires etc. , of any living creature is merely a manifestation of very complex processes happening in our brains. Our brains are chemicals and axons and neurons and much more that we are not 100% about. I’m proposing that theoretically, if we can observe the brain all the way down to each and every atom, we could see how your brain looks for any given idea, memory, feeling, and document the physical state relating to each and every instance.The only difference between the three states is how we go about knowing them, and with this theory we could even come to know our own minds without having to think internally about how we feel, but by merely observing our brains. Tying thi s back to my ‘alone in the world’ scenario, if I had the capability to observe my own brains inner workings while feeling the mental manifestations of such neurological reactions, I could correlate the pictures with feelings the ame way we correlate others words with objects in the world. If I became well enough versed at this, I could then look at the brain of someone else whom I’ve never seen, and come to know their mind as well. This theory is in contradiction with Davidson’s statement that there are no strict laws that connect mental states to physical ones, but even he acknowledges that this topic â€Å"has understandably been found inconclusive by critics† (Davidson, pg. 216), myself included.

Statue of limitations essays

Statue of limitations essays The Statute of limitations in Rape cases in New York The Statute of Limitations basically protects people from being charged for crimes that have occurred after a certain number of years. In this scenario the Statute of limitations applies to rapists in New York. A person in New York can not be charged for rape after ten years have passed from the alleged incident. Robert Morgenthau cited the arrest of Clarence Williams, also known as Fletcher Anderson Worrell, 58, of Clarkston, Ga., whose DNA linked him to the rapes of at least 25 women in three states in the 1970s through 1991. The district attorney said news reports of Williams' arrest have resulted in a number of telephone calls from people to his office and to authorities in other states saying they believe Williams attacked them or loved ones. New York state law keeps Williams from being charged here for attacks that took place more than 10 years ago, the district attorney said. The Manhattan district attorney is asking that the statute of limitations on rape cases be abolished. In this case there is sufficient evidence that the alleged, Clarence Williams did commit these horrific crimes. How can he be allowed to walk away free over charge? It is not his twenty some odd victims faults that these cause went unsolved for so long. He should still be obligated to stand trail and face his actions. The passage of time is not an excuse to have someone not stand trail when there is a rape involved. In this case it is unclear to me whether or not there were any DNA samples. I do however believe that if enough people speak out about this law that it will eventually be abolished. ...

Lifeboat Ethics Essay Sample

Lifeboat Ethics Essay Sample Lifeboat Ethics Essay When we say lifeboat, this is pertaining to a metaphor that is focused on the significance of providing a humanitarian way of helping other individuals. This is an ethical situation of saving other individuals whenever they need something significant to improve their lifestyle. The ethical issue of lifeboat is focused on providing sustainability for the marginalized sectors of the population. These are the minorities who have scarce or no resources in order to sustain their longevity or productivity in the society. Lifeboat pertains to the growing problems of poverty in our society, which means that government institutions are stepping up to prevent people from migrating to other countries that are undocumented. This is because it could risk their lives by being exposed to criminal and terrorist elements of the society. Lifeboat is referred to a situation wherein there is an inevitable amount of population experiencing the cruelest way of living their life to the fullest terms. The reason behind is that they are unable to secure a life that should have been an important factor of being productive. The ethical norm in this situation is halted because they were not given proper social welfare sustainability by the local government unit. One major issue is a financial status of the country wherein it is brought about by low economic development. The economic integrity of a nation has been essentially hampering minority groups to receive the rightful care in order to survive. This means that minority groups were ethically deprived because there is a lesser amount of subsidies provided by the local government unit as a way to promote their welfare and integrity as a member of the population. There are scenarios wherein lifeboat ethics has been tarnished by several government institutions. One example is the transcontinental migration of Africans to flee from their violent community towards Europe. Similarly with the Latin American migrants that are moving from their violent and corrupt societies from South and Central America towards the United States to pursue a better lifestyle. Affected members of the population have one major goal, which is to seek a better life as well as to have a greener pasture. Some Asian countries in South Asia and Southeast Asia are also seeking asylum after arriving in Australia from their countries to have a better future to a land that is peaceful without any risk of being harmed. The problem with these migrants is the threat of terrorism because there are other members of the terrorist organizations that are posing as migrants to reach their target countries and then will start terrorist campaigns. The ethical dilemma of lifeboat circumstances is the ability of the law enforcement agencies to produce abusive practices towards the migrants that best represents a lifeboat ethics. The reason behind is that some migrants were thought to be members of a criminal organization or terrorist group basing their tattoos or the Islamic names that could pose a risk to the security of the society. Physical abuse, torture, illegal detention, and executions of presumed terrorist or members of criminal organizations were usually being applied by government forces in the United States, European Union, and Australia. As a result, human rights were violated as a result of these abusive practices that have led to public scandal due to an inhuman practice towards undocumented immigrants (Doleac Stein, 2013). Reference Doleac, Jennifer L. Stein, Luke C.D. (2013).  The Visible Hand: Race and Online Market Outcomes.  The Economic Journal.  123  (572): F469–F492.

THE RADIO ADVANTAGE

THE RADIO ADVANTAGE Between 1993 and 2002 I wrote and broadcast over one hundred radio pieces for CBC (the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Canadas public radio network). Fifty of those were humour, another fifty, scripts for conversations about folklore. Three were 12-minute features with voice and recorded sound, and fifteen were pieces about shepherding written as letters to the shows host.   Ã‚     Writing for voice is different from writing for print. Some things you simply cant say on air. For example, an early piece concerned the varied liaisons among my angora rabbits. Angora rabbits is difficult to say naturally and clearly. The first RA is the sound of RAW, the second the RA in RAT. On air I said ANGORA BUNNIES instead.  Ã‚     I learned two kinds of timing in radio. My first lesson was to keep to time, write succinctly, and condense every piece to 550-650 words. Anything else either ran over my five-to-seven minutes or had to be read too quickly to sound polished.   Ã‚     My se cond lesson was vocal timing. When you read aloud, breath matters. A sentence had to be short enough to be read aloud easily in one breath, or else break naturally for a breath. (I also learned not to pop my ps or hiss my ss on the microphone!)  Ã‚     I had to use intonation to compensate for missing visual cues, and allow pauses for the listener to react to something funny. Essentially, I learned to perform for an unseen and unheard audience. (Even if the producer laughed as I read, I couldnt hear her from the sound studio.)   Ã‚     This taught me to deliver humour on trust, believing that Id left room for a laugh or a groan in the right places. Writing humour for the page is also a matter of trust – we dont see our readers immediate reactions. When Id done thirty or so short pieces of humour, and had had feedback from listeners, I had a well-developed sense of comic timing.   Ã‚     

Creation Myths Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Creation Myths - Essay Example One of the common elements is the presence of a god or gods that brought about the creation of the elements of the sky and the earth and the first humans. This provides insight to the beliefs of people in ancient times that no physical environment or beings came from nothing. They were created by a supreme being in the same way that people create things from the materials present in the environment. In so many ways, the myths are a representation of the story of beginnings and creations in the human setting. For instance, the three creation myths include a theme of birth. In the Egyptian creation myth, "Ra (the sun) came out of an egg that appeared on the surface of the water" (Aldokkan). Ra also gave birth to other gods. In the Greek myth, Chaos, the void that encompasses the entire universe, gave birth to Gaia, called Earth, and Uranus, the sky (Elliot). The Enuma Elish tells of the union of Apsu (fresh water) and Tiamat (salt water) giving birth to gods. The first part of the first tablet talks of "their waters commingling as a single body" ("The Enuma Elish"). Another similarity among the three myths is the allusion to water and chaos when there was nothing yet that existed. In the Egyptian myth, this is represented by Nu, the watery chaos. In the Enuma Elish, everything began with Apsu and Tiamat, who represent the waters. In the Greek story, an unending stream of water, dominated by the god Oceanus, surrounded Chaos. The use of the water theme should not be surprising, as it would have been very much influenced by the fact that in the past, a large part of the earth was covered by huge amounts of water. There were also many tales of floods and inundation in ancient times, pointing to how the physical environment would have been like during those times. All of the creation myths also contain the themes of wars, revenge, and quest for power among gods that eventually led to the creation of various parts of the universe. With the creation myths, the gods possess immense powers that brought them in conflict with other gods. In all the myths, there is also the common theme wherein a sole supreme being emerges through all the chaos. In the Greek myth, this is represented by Zeus, who triumphed over his father, Cronus. This victorious being in the Babylonian myth is Marduk, who defeats Tiamat, splits her body into two to form the heaven and the earth ("The Enuma Elish"). The Egyptian myth has two versions, but in those two versions, it was either Osiris or Horus, the son of Isis and Osiris in one version, that emerged as the supreme being. In all the depictions of the behaviors and actions of the gods, one can see how much people in the past were amazed and acted under the mercy of the gods. Most of the ancient beliefs and religions attribute godlike attributes to elements and forces of nature. Nature is the one uncontrollable force for man that he believed that their outbursts manifested by earthquakes, strong storms, or volcanic eruptions, must have been due to the anger and temper of the gods, or the mischief of man. In any case, man is dependent on the gods of nature, who may wage war against other gods with little or no thought of the creatures, including men, on earth. Man is dependent on nature to grow his crops and produce food, and he would have to rely on faith in

Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Entrepreneurship - Essay Example The entire process of investigating demand and supply patterns of given product in a given business environment, and establishment of businesses to address the potential and existing demand entails the process of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship refers to the act of collecting and incorporating business ideas aimed at achieving purposeful and unique innovation in the production of a given product or service (Carsrud and Malin 7). Innovation in the context of entrepreneurship may result in various advantages such as introducing new or improved product in the market, new production techniques, and identification of newer markets for a product or service as well as identifying new source of supply of raw materials. It is imperative to understand that entrepreneurship is not only about starting of new business organization, but can also involve ideas to improve the state and performance of an existing organization. Importance of Entrepreneurship to America Entrepreneurship is a powerfu l tool for economic growth in any country. It is because of entrepreneurship and presence of globally acclaimed entrepreneurs that the American nation tops the list of world’s best performing economies. ... Since entrepreneurship involves creation and introduction of new ideas, it has helped the development of research and innovation in the American economy. About two out of three innovations in America are as result of entrepreneurship. These innovations have eased production processes while improving the quality of products, accomplishments that have collectively spurred the growth rate of the American economy (Bordogna 13). Since entrepreneurship entails creation of new opportunities, it has empowered and facilitated the development and growth of national wealth (Miller). Income earned by entrepreneurs and their employees has expanded public expenditure as people purchase raw materials and finished products of entrepreneurship, encouraging national production. Bordogna adds that entrepreneurship has helped in providing self sufficiency to the American populace as people can afford and easily find what they need for their consumption (13). Self –sufficiency in the American econ omy also relates to increased local production of goods and services that ensure cheap and affordable prices for goods and services. Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs are individuals with the brains bearing or capacity to exhibit entrepreneurial skills. Entrepreneurs identify business opportunities, gather and collect ideas that they use to establish businesses or improve state of particular firm. For entrepreneurs to emerge successful in implementing their ideas, they have to exhibit or posses particular characteristics. Unique ambition is one of the defining characteristics required of an entrepreneur. Ambition helps entrepreneurs to face the potential competition in the given industry with aims on achieving the desired goals (Gitman and Carl 14). Entrepreneurs are

Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Homework - Assignment Example Meiosis involves pairing of homologous chromosomes. When paired chromosomes come close they cross-over at certain point or points leading to the formation of "chiasma". Here exchange of genetic material takes place. This is one of the biggest reasons that although we bear the genes of our parents and even our siblings also bear the genes of the same parents but they are different. Since crossing-over varies in different cell division and hence there is a variation in the genetic makeup of the siblings and also between the parents and siblings. Karyotyping is related to the number of chromosomes present in an organism. It is concerned with the appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is important to find out the presence of any genetic abnormality. For example- An individual having Downs Syndrome will have three copies of the 21st chromosome which could be detected with the help of karyotyping when chromosomes will be arranged. This is the reason why Down Syndrome is also known as Trisomy (three copies) of 21st chromosome. The total number of chromosomes in case of human is 46 but in case of patient with Trisomy, the number is 47. Every organism possess specific set of chromosomes. A diploid cell has two set of chromosome, one called the maternal set of chromosome (obtained from mother) the other called paternal chromosome (obtained from father).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. A true breeding brown mouse is mated with a true-breeding white mouse and all their offspring are brown. If two of these brown offspring are mated, what percentage of the F1 and F2 generations will be brown? The true breeding brown mouse has dominant gene for the color (BB) while the true breeding white mouse has recessive genes for color (bb). As per the Mendels Law of Dominance, only the dominant character is expressed, when these two mouse are crossed then the first filial generation or the F1 generation is Brown with the

First Amendment Legal Precedents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

First Amendment Legal Precedents - Essay Example Here, Las Vegas is attempting to assert that a public street is a private place and the notion flies in the face of the first amendment. If the city of Las Vegas regulates the content of the expression, there must be a compelling state interest and must be narrowly written to achieve that interest. Perry Education Ass'n v. Perry Local Educators' Ass'n, 460 U.S. 37 (1983). Restrictions on speech in a public forum will likely also be upheld if the expressive activity being regulated is a type that is not entitled to full First Amendment protection, such as obscenity. Laws that regulate the time, manner, and place, but not content, of speech in a public forum receive less scrutiny by the Court than do laws that restrict the content of expression. It is not necessary that a content-neutral law be the least restrictive alternative, but only that the government's interest would be achieved less effectively without it. Ward v. Rock against Racism, 491 U.S. 781, (1989). A distinction is drawn between public premises that serve as traditional public forums and those that constitute limited public forums. For example, state fairgrounds are public premises that have not traditionally served as public forums. The government is allowed to impose more restrictions on free speech in limited public forums than in traditional public forums. In Heffron v. ... Here there is nothing to indicate that the grounds are private and as such the protest should be allowed subject to any limitations set forth by Heffron v. International Society for Krishna Consciousness. 2. 10 points - Harvey Case- information attached Do you think Judge Ross's ruling that William Harvey's arrest was a legitimate exercise of government power was a sound legal decision Or do you agree with the New York Civil Liberties Union's director that the ruling violated Harvey's First Amendment rights Explain your answer citing the legal rules that apply to free speech and explaining how you believe they apply to the particular facts surrounding William Harvey's arrest. One of the freedoms that we as Americans enjoy is the freedom of speech and with any freedom, comes the drawbacks. Setting aside the sickening notion that America in any way deserved the tragic events that occurred on September 11, 2001, the fact remains that everyone is entitled to express their opinions. Laws that limit inciting or provocative speech often called fighting words, or offensive expressions such as pornography, are subject to what the United States Supreme Court has determined a strict scrutiny test. The government may impose content regulations on certain categories of expression that do not merit First Amendment protection. For example, the Court stated in Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, (1942),"There are certain defined and narrowly limited classes of speech, the prevention and punishment of which have never bee,n thought to raise constitutional problems."Â  

Comparison Analysis Of George Seurat, Sunday Afternoon On The Island Essay

Comparison Analysis Of George Seurat, Sunday Afternoon On The Island Of The Grande Jatte, 1886, And Paul Gauguin, The Day Of The Gods, 1894 - Essay Example The essay "George Seurat and Paul Gauguin paintings" discovers two famous paintings, Paul Gauguin’s The Day of the Gods and George Seurat’s Sunday Afternoon. The paintings both depict the cultural gathering that a body of water can evoke. However, the gathering within the work of Seurat is defined by the formal and modest visage of the 19th century while Gauguin’s work reveals the naturalistic culture of Tahiti. The two pieces allow the viewer a distinct opportunity to see a transition between one form of painting to the next. The style of painting that George Seurat is most known for is that of pointillism. Pointillism is defined by a technique of applying paint where the artist uses small dots of color to shade and move the eye as if to create actually rounded and formed figures. The eyes create the illusion of the image as the tiny dots are blended, revealing the imagery through a trick of the eye. To look at a pointillist painting up close is to see nothing b ut a mass of dots, but when one stands back, the dots combine to create the intended imagery. Seurat had a tremendous scientific interest in the way in which they eye sees color. In the 1880’s, Seurat and Paul Signet developed pointillism as a way of stretching the scientific theories of the visually representation reinterpreted through specific, rigid rules of application. Pointillism is defined by paint that is not mixed on a palate; use of primary colors; individual dots or points of color; brushstrokes that are carefully place.

Protein Synthesis Details Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Protein Synthesis Details - Assignment Example The ribosomes fix to mRNA at the first codon known only to the tRNA initiating. The ribosomes then move to the elongating phase of protein production. At this step, complexes containing an amino acid connected to tRNA binds to the right codon by a formation of complementary pairs with tRNA anticodon. There is a movement of the ribosome from one codon to the other along mRNA. Acids are added one after the other translating into polypeptidic patterns defined by DNA and signified by mRNA. Finally, a release factor fixes to stop codon, stopping translation and discharging a whole polypeptide from a ribosome.The DNA double helix unwinds. Afterward, the enzyme case opens the DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds. The polymerase of the enzyme DNA pairs every tow components with the right nitrogenous bases. The strand at the top is known as the leading strand and the one at the bottom is known as the lagging strand. The enzyme ligase then attaches the DNA lagging strand fragments. Lastly, there are two DNA replications that are exact each having 46 chromosomes known as daughter cells.Besides, the reduced chromosome numbers, meiosis is different from mitosis in that it creates a new genetic combination in every daughter cell. The new combinations are as a result of DNA exchange between chromosomes that are paired. This means that gametes produced by this process have an amazing genetic variation. Lastly, in meiosis, the nuclear division occurs in two rounds, unlike mitosis.Prokaryotic reproduction involves no nucleus and employs binary fusion for its asexual division. For instance, in bacteria where they copy themselves through binary fusion.

Comparison Analysis Of George Seurat, Sunday Afternoon On The Island Essay

Comparison Analysis Of George Seurat, Sunday Afternoon On The Island Of The Grande Jatte, 1886, And Paul Gauguin, The Day Of The Gods, 1894 - Essay Example The essay "George Seurat and Paul Gauguin paintings" discovers two famous paintings, Paul Gauguin’s The Day of the Gods and George Seurat’s Sunday Afternoon. The paintings both depict the cultural gathering that a body of water can evoke. However, the gathering within the work of Seurat is defined by the formal and modest visage of the 19th century while Gauguin’s work reveals the naturalistic culture of Tahiti. The two pieces allow the viewer a distinct opportunity to see a transition between one form of painting to the next. The style of painting that George Seurat is most known for is that of pointillism. Pointillism is defined by a technique of applying paint where the artist uses small dots of color to shade and move the eye as if to create actually rounded and formed figures. The eyes create the illusion of the image as the tiny dots are blended, revealing the imagery through a trick of the eye. To look at a pointillist painting up close is to see nothing b ut a mass of dots, but when one stands back, the dots combine to create the intended imagery. Seurat had a tremendous scientific interest in the way in which they eye sees color. In the 1880’s, Seurat and Paul Signet developed pointillism as a way of stretching the scientific theories of the visually representation reinterpreted through specific, rigid rules of application. Pointillism is defined by paint that is not mixed on a palate; use of primary colors; individual dots or points of color; brushstrokes that are carefully place.

Credit Scores are a Fair Measure to Help Lenders Estimate Potential Essay

Credit Scores are a Fair Measure to Help Lenders Estimate Potential Risks - Essay Example To simplify their customers’ analytical process, mathematical algorithm can be used by different bureaus to provide a score that customers can use to rapidly assess an individual’s likelihood to repay a certain debt, if the frequency by which other individuals in such situations default in meeting their obligations is given. This means that credit bureaus have to create several credit scores for many individuals. Credit scores that are over 700 are pretty good, and most of them go up to 800 (consumer Reports, 2005). The most widely used method of calculating credit score is FICO, though there are many other methods. It is normally used by mortgage lenders, who use risk-based system to find out the possibility of a borrower to default financial obligations to mortgage lenders. It is important that each individual is always aware of his credit score so that you can work towards improving it. Individuals are therefore advised by consumer welfare advocates to review their r eports of credit at least once every year, so as to ensure their accuracy, and hence increase chances of their credit qualifications (consumer Reports, 2005). ... It offers the best measure of credit risk without individual discrimination in terms of age, sex, gender race or occupation. Credit score is calculated using different data that is found in your credit report. The data is then grouped into five different categories, each with a percentage reflecting the importance in the determination of your score. They are categorized as payment history, amounts owed, credit history length, new credit and other types of credit used as 35%, 30%, 15% 10%, and 10% respectively. All these scores play a vital role in the formula, which then determines your credit score. Credit scores help lenders to estimate the potential risk of giving credit to individuals. Credit reports and scores can affect an individual during tough economic times. Furthermore, it plays an important part in determining an individual’s financial well-being. Credit scores are used by lenders to determine who to give a loan, at what rate of interest, and the credit limit. Acco rding to consumer Reports, (2005), the three major bureaus of credit: Equifax, Trans-union, and Experian, that calculate FICO scores based on data collected from credit card companies and banks. How Credit Scores and Reports are Used Lenders like credit card companies and banks use scores of credit in evaluating potential risks that may be posed by lending money, as well as mitigating losses that result from bad debts. They determine loan qualification, interest rate, and credit limits that lenders may accrue the consumers. It is a trusted system of authorizing the accessibility of credit among individuals. Since it is not limited to banks only, other organizations like insurance companies, government

Does the European Union Have a Democratic Deficit?

Does the European Union Have a Democratic Deficit? Critically discuss whether the European Union suffers from a Democratic deficit. In your answer refer to the past and present situations and to the possible future under the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe. Introduction This paper evaluates the democratic credentials of the European Union, considering the popular criticism that the Union suffers from a so-called â€Å"democratic deficit† in its legislative processes. The past, present and possible future state of the Union is analysed so as to determine the truth behind this concern and to analyse the way in which the Union has evolved to mollify its critics in this respect. The proposed Constitutional Treaty is most unlikely to be adopted in its present draft in the short-medium term given its rejection by France and The Netherlands at national referenda in 2005.[1] However, this paper considers the ways in which the draft Constitutional Treaty proposes to address further the problem of the Union’s democratic deficit.. The Changing Face of Europe: One Common Concern In 1957 the Treaty of Rome[2] was signed with the aim of creating a deep economic relationship between six European states: France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, The Netherlands and Luxembourg.. The architects of the European Economic Community, including Schumann and Monnet, were fearful of the threat of a devastating third war on the European continent and keen to encourage European states to associate more closely together to reduce that risk. In those early days, that was the ostensible extent of political ambition.. The Treaty of Rome was not intended to have a constitutional perspective or scope and did not concern itself with issues appropriate to that form of measure.. However, the Single European Act[3] brought into effect a conscious and determined scheme to bring the member states of the EEC closer together. The range of policies under the auspices of the EEC began to grow significantly and the European Commission, led by the famous Jacques Delors[4] became extremely proactive in the law making process.[5] Criticisms of the way in which EEC law was made had been laid against the Community by Euro-sceptic politicians, academic commentators, journalists and the public at large for years prior to the mid 1980s, but it was at around the time of the passing of the Single European Act that those criticisms and concerns really gained force. The EEC institutions were criticised as operating under what was called a democratic deficit. This is shorthand for the allegation that the EEC institutional and legislative systems were allowing unelected, faceless bureaucrats to create law that would have binding effect across the Community, rather than preserving that task for national representatives elected by direct universal suffrage. The common public and media perception that the EEC was not an effective democratic entity became quickly entrenched as the Commission began producing more and more law for application in the member states. It is submitted that the matter would not perhaps have attracted such concern if EC law took second place to national law but in fact criticisms of the democratic deficit were sharpened and polarised by the principle of the sovereignty of EC law, which dictated that law issuing from this body of dubious democratic credentials took precedence over the highest forms of national law created by ancient democracies: see Costa v ENEL[6] In terms of a personal critical appraisal it is asserted that there is little doubt the â€Å"democratic deficit† criticism was originally well made and well founded.. The European Assembly was no more than a talking shop, with very few powers, until the passing of the Single European Act and the bureaucratic Commission was without question the legislative engine of the EEC. Perhaps the best evidence of the extent of the democratic deficit is to be found in observation of the considerable efforts of the Community to address the issue in more recent times. For example, the Single European Act itself, in a subtle move, renamed the Assembly the European Parliament, presumably to give the institution a more democratically-positive and authoritative (sounding) title. The new Parliament was also allowed some marginal new powers in the law making process of the Community. This gesture did nothing to silence those critical of the EEC lack of democracy. Commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty, the Treaty on European Union[7], was signed in 1992 and the EEC became the EC, which in turn became one part of the European Union. Alongside other massive changes, again the law making powers of the European Parliament were strengthened and developed, this time quite substantially so, in an attempt to re-balance the legislative processes of the Union. It was hoped that this would further mollify those critical of the Union’s democratic deficit. It is submitted that the fully elected Parliament now had a real and effective part to play in the EU law making regime, but criticism of a democratic deficit still persisted given the huge influence and power that the unelected Commission still retained over the process. The Treaties of Amsterdam and Nice followed. These were largely aimed at reorganising the EU law and institutions so that the Union could operate more effectively and smoothly after its intended enlargements. This enlargement has now taken place and on 1 January 2007 the Union expanded to embrace 27 member states with the accession of Bulgaria and Romania.[8] It was hoped that a new EU Constitution could have been adopted prior to the recent enlargement phase in order to better equip the expanded Union for its future operation and growth. The Constitutional Treaty The first step towards the establishment of an EU constitution was the signing of the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe in October 2004.[9] Inter alia, the draft Treaty provides that seats in the European Parliament will be distributed on a degressive proportional basis and that the Commission (which lacks any democratic authority) will be reduced in size from 2014, so as to make the number of Commissioners equivalent to two-thirds of the number of member states. Addressing the democratic deficit head on, the Constitutional Treaty’s default law making procedure would be one requiring the joint adoption of measures by the Council and the European Parliament.[10] The Treaty would have required the Council to convene in public when making law and required that national parliaments would receive information relating to new EU legislative proposals in sufficient time to allow them to instruct ministers as to how to cast their vote in Council. Furthermore, the Treaty would have given national parliaments the power to return proposals to the Commission for reconsideration if they believe the matter at issue lies outside the competence of the European Union and the Treaty proposed to give the principle of subsidiarity the important status of a fundamental legal principle of the Union. In addition, the Treaty would have established a so-called citizens’ right of initiative, which would require the Commission to consider proposals for legislation that gained the support of at least 1 million citizens of the EU. That said, it is debatable precisely what force and effect this might have had in practice, given that consideration may merely result in the Commission saying â€Å"No†, or rather â€Å"Non†. In combination these reforms would have gone some way to counter persistent criticisms that the EU labours under a democratic deficit.[11] However, it is submitted that Avbelj overstates its potential effect when he somewhat tenuously suggests: ‘The EUs formal democratic deficit is not as a big problem as it is portrayed, and the new Constitution in its present form can remedy most, if not all of it.’[12] In rebuttal, Irish Party Sinn Fein has observed: ‘The Constitution does not effectively redress the democratic deficit issues identified in the Laeken Declaration. Instead it shifts the balance of power and control yet further from the sovereign national parliaments and towards the EU.’[13] In particular, it is stressed that the European Commission would remain the sole initiator of legislative proposals under the draft Treaty. Other bodies, including the European Parliament, the Council and lobbying blocks of millions of citizens can merely ask the Commission to consider drafting a proposal.[14] Concluding Comments In conclusion it is submitted that the European Union does and always has suffered from a democratic deficit. This stems from the very foundations of the European Economic Community, when the European Commission was given largely unrestricted bureaucratic powers to administer what began in effect as little more than an economic club. The essential problem has been that the EEC quickly outgrew its initial parameters and objectives, soon becoming the European Community (dispensing with the word â€Å"Economic† because now its horizons were much broader)[15] within a greater EU, but the Commission has stayed, incongruously it is submitted, at the very heart of the law making process throughout this period of rapid growth and evolution. In simple words, the EEC began with a massive democratic deficit but it did not become controversial until it began to develop its powers. Since the mid 1980s the democratic deficit has gradually been whittled away, largely through successive Treaty amendments which have slowly given more power and influence to the elected European Parliament.. It is true that the draft Constitutional Treaty would have continued this process, introducing further reforms to address the democratic deficit. However, the Commission, which lacks democratic credentials, will still cling tightly to the law making process even if the implementation of the Treaty proposals ultimately takes place.. In order to banish the spectre of the democratic deficit completely from the European Union and its processes it will be necessary drastically to re-assess the role of the European Commission. The Commission will need to be reduced in status to that of an ordinary national civil service, and the European Parliament must assume full responsibility for law-making, before the EU can hope to assert full democratic authority. This will be a bitter pill for the Commission to swallow: it has always jealously and vociferously guarded its role and power. However, if the EU is to mature into a deeper union this policy must at some point be implemented. BIBLIOGRAPHY Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/ce321/ce32120061229en000103 31.pdf. Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (2004): http://europa.eu.int/constitution/index_en.htm Avbelj M., Can the New European Constitution Remedy the EU Democratic Deficit? (2005): http://www.eumap.org/journal/features/2005/demodef/avbelj. The European Union: Balancing Democratic Deficit? (2005/03/10): http://www.eumap.org/journal/features/2005/demodef. Foster, EC Legislation (2006-2007), (2006) Blackstone’s Statutes (London) Kent, Law of the European Union, (2001) Longman Report from the Presidency of the Convention to the President of the European Council (18.07.2003) see: http://european-convention.eu.int/bienvenue.asp?lang=EN Steiner and Woods, Textbook on EC Law, (2003) Blackstone Straw sees no point in EU vote, June 6 2005: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4612021.stm Cases as footnoted. 1 [1] Straw sees no point in EU vote, June 6 2005: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4612021.stm [2] Consolidated version of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community: http://eur-lex.europa..eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/ce321/ce32120061229en000103 31.pdf. [3] The SEA entered into force in July 1987. [4] President of the European Commission 1985 1995. [5] See for context Margaret Thatcher’s statement to the Hanover European Council, July 30 1988: Hansard HC [136/525-35]http://www.margaretthatcher.org/speeches/displaydocument..asp?docid=107281. [6] Case 6/64. [7] Foster, EC Legislation (2006-2007), (2006) Blackstone’s Statutes (London). [8] See: http://europa.eu/pol/enlarg/index_en..htm. [9] See for detail: http://europa.eu.int/constitution/index_en.htm. [10] Report from the Presidency of the Convention to the President of the European Council (18.07.2003) see: http://european-convention.eu.int/bienvenue..asp?lang=EN. [11] The European Union: Balancing Democratic Deficit? (2005/03/10): http://www.eumap.org/journal/features/2005/demodef. [12] Avbelj M., Can the New European Constitution Remedy the EU Democratic Deficit? (2005): http://www.eumap.org/journal/features/2005/demodef/avbelj. [13] Ireland and the EU Constitution: http://www.sinnfein.ie/pdf/EUConstitutionPamphlet.pdf, p10. [14] Can it really be argued that EU laws can be described as national governments acting at EU level when the European Commission has the sole right to propose those laws? [15] See: Kent, Law of the European Union, (2001) Longman, p.9.

Tv vs Reading: Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 :: Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451

If you admit that it’s easier to watch television/ movies then what is the difference between you and Mildred?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I definitely think that it is much easier to watch television and movies then it is to read books. When you watch TV and movies, the characters actually act out their roles instead of you having to make it up yourself, which is harder than just watching it. I am a lot different from Mildred though. She doesn’t even know if it would be easier to read books or watch TV because she doesn’t read them because they are forbidden of course. If anyone is caught with books in their house, their house is burnt down to a crisp. She is afraid of even picking up a book. I guess that you can say that Mildred is â€Å"obsessed† with watching television and movies. I feel that she feels like she absolutely has to watch it to survive. At least that is what she makes me think when I read this book. I think that it is not only odd that she thinks of the people on television as family, but I also think that it is crazy. When I first read that she thought that that about those people and did call them family, I literally thought that there was something wrong with her†¦mentally. Don’t get me wrong†¦I love to watch TV and movies, but I would never in a million years consider anyone on there my aunts, uncles, cousins, etc. That is just one big difference between Mildred and I. I really don’t know of any normal person who acts like her. Like I said, television and movies are very easy to watch and there is not much thinking that you have to do because you can almost say that the thinking, in a sense, is done for you. It is easier to see something visually than have to visualize it for yourself. When you read a book, you have to concentrate on who is speaking, but on television and movies you don’t have to because the people in the TV/movie act out their own parts. Another big difference between Mildred and I is that first of all I read a lot of books and even though I think that watching television and movies is much more easier, I would much rather read a book. I am the type of person who doesn’t like things given to me, but I like to figure them out on my own.

Urban Myths Essay example -- Rumors Myths Lies Essays Papers

Urban Myths It can all start with an e-mail or a couple of phone calls, and it can escalate into a possible international rumor or myth. According to About.com an urban myth is a â€Å"term used to describe an apocryphal – and actually false – story that plays on a general assumption or feeling shared by many, usually of fear or distrust, and that usually claims to expose a public danger (1). Urban myths usually push the lines of believability, and when one really tries to piece the story together and figure out the origin, he finds that it definitely does not prove to be true. They also appear to come with an endorsement like the FCC, the police department, the FBI, or even a newspaper. Urban food myths are no different from any other urban myths. They all start with lies about some sort of food or food company. The people who start these myths are either trying to make a bad reputation for the company or food, trying to scare people, or even trying to get a good laugh out of someone. For example, an urban food myth began to circulate about Kentucky Fried Chicken when they changed their name to KFC in 1991 because the FDA ordered them to change it because they were not using real chicken for their products (Emery 1). Supposedly the fast food chain had engineered a more efficient way to manufacture their chicken by growing it without heads, beaks, and feathers. The chickens would then be hooked up to mechanical tubes and be fed the exact ration of food that would make them grow the most and best meat. According to the myth, the FDA forced Kentucky Fried Chicken to change their name to KFC because the chickens they served were really not chickens at all because they were headless (Weise 1). They sup... ...05 http://urbanlegends.about.com/library/weekly/aa030701a.htm Rosenblum, Larry. â€Å" The Indian on the Tootsie Roll Pop.† Road Trip America. 2005. Road Trip America. 3 April 2005 http://urbanlegends.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site= http://www.roadtripamerica.com/mttul/indian.htm Chandler, Diana Lyn. â€Å" Urban Myths Melted.† The Equinox. 25 September 2003. Keene State College. 4 April 2005 http://www.keeneequinox.com/news/2003/09/25/Features /Urban.Myths.Melted-474861.shtml Mikkelson, Barbara. â€Å"The Death of little Mikey.† Urban legends reference page. 22 Jan 2005. 3 April 2005 http://www.snopes.com/horrors/freakish/poprocks.htm Mikkelson, Barbara. â€Å"Indian Giver.† Urban legends reference page. 31 December 1998. 3 April 2005 http://www.snopes.com/business/redeem/tootsie.asp

Jose Rizal Essay

Many of us know already who Dr. Jose Rizal is. A national hero, a genius, a writer, a scientist and a doctor, these are the first thing that comes to our mind. He is a man with many accomplishments. All his writings and works are still recognized in the whole world. Through reading this paper, you could find out how his life has gone to many challenges and what contribution he left in our country. As a Filipino, we are proud because Dr. Jose Rizal gives all of us inspiration in all the things we do. This term paper will illustrate what his many-sided personalities are, as a physician, poet, novelist, essayist, dramatist, historian, sculptor, architect, musician, linguist, bibliophile, translator, educator, economist, surveyor, engineer, naturalist, archeologist, philologist, inventor, sportsman, magician and prophet. We can say that he is an excellent, talented, and yet a very humble man. He truly was a man of action, he did not only looked over the people nor just tell people what to do, he helped them in their everyday work. Dr. Jose Rizal is our hero, our inspiration, our lesson of the past that we should be a man for our country. The main purpose of this paper is to know about the heroism of Dr. Jose Rizal and present his life, works, and writing in an interesting manner. We’ll find out who are the nine women linked to him and what are the challenges he encounter while he was in exile in Dapitan.

Middle East Conflict from a Palestinian Perspective

The Middle East conflict that exists between Palestinian Arabs and Israeli Jews began comparatively not so long ago, in particular at the beginning of the 20th century. This is true that these two nations have different religions; however, their religious differences are not the main cause of the conflict. For the most part their conflict is a struggle over land. To understand the origin of the struggle one should recall in what way Jewish people established their state.By 1929, 156,000 Jewish settlers resided in Palestine. About 4 percent of Palestine land was in the ownership of these settlers but this small amount of land comprised near 14 percent of all agricultural land. The way these lands were acquired by Jews brought about much controversy and dispute. Absentee landlords owned the land of many villages where Palestinians had lived, worked, and died. Zionists then purchased the villages from the absentee landlords and evicted the inhabitants. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra eli)The violence and military actions that increased more and more together with the failure to conciliate Arab and Jewish peoples urged the world community to pull apart these belligerent powers. Thus in 1947 the UN General Assembly ratified the 1947 UN Partition Plan according to which the territory was divided into two states, Jewish and Arab. However, it did not bring expected peace to the area. Immediately following the adoption of the Partition Plan the Arab leadership rejected the plan. The basic reason for rejection was that two parts of the divided territory were equal. On this background almost a year later only one state was proclaimed and it was Israel.After the war of 1948-49, the territory known before as Palestine was split into three parts, the proclaimed state of Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan River) and the Gaza Strip.The establishment of Jewish state on the Palestinian territory was historically and religiously grounded. Jewish people asserted that this land belonged to them by the biblical promise to Abraham and his descendants, and also they pointed to the fact that this was the historical site of the Jewish kingdom of Israel.Palestinian Arabs' in their turn maintain that land belonged to them as they lived there for centuries and they represented the demographic majority. What concerns the biblical explanation for Jewish land claim Arabs also state that while Ishmael, who was Abraham’s son, is the forefather of the Arabs, then the land promised by God to the children of Abraham must belong to Arabs as well. Thus, from the point of view of religion and history the position of Palestinian and Jews in regard to the land may be considered as equitable.  However, as it was mentioned above the core of the conflict is the land possession and Palestinians rejected the equal land division.The surrounding Arab states supported the Palestinian Arabs in rejecting both the Partition Plan and the establishment of Israel, and the armies o f six Arab nations attacked the newly formed State of Israel. The world has divided into the states that support Israel in its war with Palestine and the states which supported Palestine. Thus the local conflict turned into the global problem.This confrontation lasts up till now and influences the variety of fields in international relations. However, we observe here this conflict only in two aspects. That is its consequences in the context of struggle for energy carriers and in the context of dividing the world into two â€Å"camps†.As it is known the majority of world energy carriers, in particular oil, are controlled by Arab countries. These countries tried to use this factor as the impact factor on the countries that supported Israel in the military confrontation. Thus, in October, 1973, the Arab oil-producing states imposed production restraints and an embargo–their second such attempt. They did so allegedly as a punishment for those countries that supported Israe l in the Middle East war earlier that month. Their first effort at embargo occurred in 1967, following the lightning Israeli victory in the June Six-Day War. That episode is not well-known because it was a total failure. However, global oil market conditions would change substantially in subsequent years. (USA Today, 16+)The second consequence of this conflict was the division of the world into two camps. So, as it is known, Muslims of the world supported Palestine, the USA and some of European countries supported Israel. The implications of this conflict are also burdened by the fact that this division was not simply between different views this was the division of cultures and religions. Some extremists are trying hard to present this conflict as a conflict between Muslim and Christian worlds. We cannot of course assert that the opposition between Jews and Palestinians is the cause of world confrontation; nevertheless, it remains the constant irritant and booster for new conflicts .To conclude with, I suppose that the development of confrontation between Israel and Palestine could have been avoided. Since the reason of the conflict was the land division when the state of Israel was proclaimed, I think that one could not have established the state of Israel having been governed only by the simple principle of equal land division. This principle satisfied Israel but it was unsatisfactory for the Palestinians. In the given situation the world community chose the easier way without showing willingness to find out the essence of disagreement. The principle 50/50 proved to be fallacious. This confrontation should be a lesson for the world community that only through considering the interests of all parties we may reach the peace.Endnotes:1. Losman, Donald â€Å"Oil Is Not a National Security Issue: â€Å"†¦ America Steadfastly Clings to Perceptions Formed in the 1970s, and National Policies Continue to Reflect Oil Paranoia.† USA Today. Vol. 130, Januar y 2002. 16+The article by Donald Losman was useful for my work as it helped me to see the process of how the local conflict or the conflict between two nations can grow into the global problem. This article gives the comprehensive reasoning for oil prices hike in 1970s caused by Middle East conflict. It also shows that there are side parties influencing Israeli – Palestinian relations, which support either of these belligerent powers.2. Mark Daryl Erickson, et al. An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1996This book provided me with information on consequences after the state of Israel proclamation and their impact on world policy, the role which it played for world polarization. The book gives the deep analysis for various reasons that led to the Middle East conflict and presents the historical perspective of its development. It helped me to shaper my own ideas on this problem.1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on 24 Jan . 2006 fromhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsraelisThe Wikipedia web page was useful in terms of history and general background information about the modern settlement of Jewish people on Palestinians territory. There was also the information about the origin of the conflict between these two nations and the history of establishing the state of Israel.Works cited list:Losman, Donald â€Å"Oil Is Not a National Security Issue: â€Å"†¦ America Steadfastly Clings to Perceptions Formed in the 1970s, and National Policies Continue to Reflect Oil Paranoia.† USA Today. Vol. 130, January 2002. 16+Mark Daryl Erickson, et al. An Historical Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conflict. Westport, CT: Greenwood,  1996Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved on 24 Jan. 2006 from